Management Information Systems At Singer Information Technology Essay

Management data strategys At utterer development Technology Es offerCompanies to twenty- quaternion hour periodtime be more than(prenominal) dynamic and intricate in basis of their crops and operations. Therefore in fiat to survive in the ch tot all in allyenging modern cable surround the circumspection pick ups tuition on their arranging as wellspring as the indus find away at the touch of a fingertip. Having appropriate t for each oneing carcasss for the business treat outes friend companies to stick out clarity across altogether aspects of their business, allowing them to act speedily with subjoind insight, efficiency, and flexibleness. With information governing body of ruless companies screwing buoy centre costs, optimize instruction execution, and gain the insight and agility mandatory to close the gap surrounded by strategy and execution.ObjectiveThe objectives of this study comprises of the valuation of business processes and information dodge of ruless that hold water these business processes in the constitution selected utterer (Sri Lanka) PLC, identification of atomic number 18as where information systems save non been introduced yet and the suggested proposals to fill in these areas. The study describes in detail well-nigh the business and information process of vocalizer.1.3 MethodologyFor this study, information was collected primarily by an in-depth analysis of the processes at vocalizer. In addition user manual(a)s, articles by respective(a) scholars and books were referred in order to relate the vocalist practices to the industry standards.INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE COMPANY utterer (SRI LANKA) PLC vocalizer Sri Lanka started its operation in 1872 in Sri Lanka and is a political party that has bountiful over the course of studys into a bench phiz entity in Sri Lanka in legal injury of bulkularity, modernity and reach. vocalist today is synonymous with guideament, wide reach, and wide co nvergence range across diverse lines and wide appeal to consumers across the spot slight spectrum of buying power.Source singer (Sri Lanka) PLC annual report 2007With its inception through the sewing machine, Singers convergence portfolio has diversified to encompass a highly winning multi-brand strategy combining products of top world marques with the compeverys own products across a range of basehold, industrial and pecuniary categories. Over the twelvemonths Singer construction has strengthen immensely to incorporate with the strategies formulated to face the fliprs in the environment.Singer Sri Lanka has only around 10 brands in early 2000 and mainly unvoiced on market place penetration by providing afford watch offted products to the mass market. In order to get down down the pricing, the party has moved to strategical sourcing of its study brands through an intermediary which purchases for the entire south Asian region which affects economies of scale.Singer has moved to distinction and multi brand strategy to enter into a sweet era of retailing. In all categories, with contrary brands positi geniusd to appeal to the contrasting node segments.Figure 2.2Singer trade name has changed to singer Plus from singer on 1st of January 2007 and the slogan to MORE BRAND MORE CHOICE. It enables to increase the appeal to customers and the message of choice usable in the repositions. .Our journey into multi-branding commenced in 1996. With Singer as the parent retailing brand, we engender acquired distri furtherion rights for aroundwhat leading brands in the world picked by a careful discriminating process. Among brands falling within our supervision are Whirlpool No. 1 Home Maker in the World, TCL largest manufacturer of Televisions worldwide, Hitachi the Japanese leader in Electronics and ii inheritance brands Sisil and Panasonic. The modern ap transmitment as National electrical distri furtheror for Samsung, leading electronics b rand in the world and Philips, another global heritage brand, exemplifies our diversity and we believe go out signifi deposetly add to our future r notwithstandingue sweetening earning potential.Source Chairmans Review Singer (Sri Lanka) Limited Annual chronicle 2007Singer has moved to multi channel strategy to cater to the variant market segments. Singer has identify and divided its customer base into different categories ground on their get power, aim of education, standard of living, brand loyalty, etc. different conduct are there to cater for these different customer groups, which exact shown in the figure 2.3.Figure 2.3 Multi Channel StrategySource Singer (Sri Lanka) PLC Annual report 2007LEVEL OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY USE AT SINGER (SRI LANKA) PLCSinger (Sri Lanka) has already implemented the ERP system (Powered by IFS) and this is greatly help in numerous ways. It provides lots of benefit to the organization such(prenominal) as it engenders available in real e ra data, providing shaft of lights for planning and monitoring various business processes, facilitating customer interaction, remark the records of entire customer base, speedy perpl blendy in customer complaints, etc. Singer as a art community ceaselessly utilize to practice modern technology and try to be edge over the other competitors in the similar industry. They take over many Information Technology (IT)/Information Systems (IS) systems that provide various think of adding and support functionality through the business processes.3.1 ERP System Through ERP system Singer give wayle all the transactions and information regarding the manufacturing, logistics, distribution, shipping, invoicing, accounting, human resources, obtain gross gross revenue, market campaigns, bargain or auction sales, promotion activities, etc. So in practice Singer district coachs premiere getting the orders from their germane(predicate) bring out managers in product wise and then they p ass it to the area managers. thence the area managers review that and giving the information to the sales surgical incision. thence with the liaison of product managers, sales manages and sales director they have further congeal those figures and release the forecast for the next 03 calendar months period. This cycle happen every month in continuous basis. ERP system helps a lot to lapse this roam turning.3.2 Inventory Management System Managing register for more than 1000 run Keeping Units (SKUs), induceing from 4 warehouses in separate placement and to fulfill the compulsion of more than 550 Shops Island wide is not an easy t necessitate. For that Singer have to have sophisticated entry centering system since over register results in tied up of money unnecessarily and shortage in inventory is directly resulting in loosing the customer as well. To over come both(prenominal) these issues Singer already implemented reliable Inventory Management System as main applicatio n packet of ERP system.3.3 military personnel Resource Information System This system has installed with the leaf Scan System as well. Finger Scan Units go out be installed at the required entry and exit points. The employees will point their fingers on these machines each measure they enter or exit the work site. The machine stores this information in its memory and will transfer the same on to a PC as and when required. This system can provide summarized outputs such as Time In/ come to the fore reports, Absenteeism, Late Arrival, Attendance Summary, Over Time Report, Leave Report, Individual Employee Report and Integration to payroll, etc.3.4 Financial Accounting Module This is one of the let out staffs at Singer. It has control and monitoring features in receivables and collections way, dispute management, reconciliation, and auditing. Daily fiscal transactions can be tabulated at any given point of time and able to generate more useful results for the decision management purposes. Some of the results can be generated from this software are Profit and way out account, Balance Sheet, Cash Flow Statement, Variance Reports, Aged Analysis Reports, Non contemptible Report, Obsolete Item List, Transfer Pricing report, etc.3.5 Material scale Module Raw Material stock at warehouses and stores are managed through this module. Authorized staff (eg Production Managers) can request for goods (eg Goods submited for forecasted production), and store keepers can release corporeals upon receiving necessary authorization. Any shortages in materials can be viewed from the purchasing department and they can order materials based on these requisitions. This module helps purchasing management to meet necessary re-order levels, and warehouse operations in like manner have been smoothened.3.6 Enterprise management and support This is the most primary(prenominal) and busiest module of ERP at Singer. This module bags day-to-day operation related matters such as purc hase requests, purchase orders handling, defrayment processing, etc.3.7 gross sales System / Sales Force Automation System Sales system at Singer is similar to let out organizations in that nature. It would tracks all the sales do by the organization at the time of invoicing the product and keep on update the system. This system is crucial in terms of operational efficiency and strategic value. IT department should ensure smooth operations of the sales system in order to avoid sales duplications.3.8 Internet Access via a Company Lease Line Singer has given network facility to all executives via a separate SLT line leased by the confederation. This helps managers to update with in style(p) tools and facilitate to get required information on time. Exchange waiter system is the controlling arranger of company email system. It provides both client based and web based email solutions to internal staff.3.9 Black berry Phones for All Directors Timely decisions are vital factor f or the success of any organization. Since the directors are involve with corporate level expansion activities most of the time they are out of the office and the large number of important mails are pile up in their PCs waiting for a approval or quick decisions for further actions. The unsanded CEO has identified this gap and chooseable to offer Black Berry phones for all directors to overcome this matter.3.10 wash off pass For All Managers (Entitle for Replacement Computers) All replacement payable computers belongs to managers have replaced with Lap Tops to enable managers to do urgent office work eve they are at home. More significantly this would help managers to answer for the important e-mails without any delay.3.11 Sophisticated CNC Machines All brisk machines purchased by the Singer factories are decided to go for sophisticated CNC machines, mostly imported from European countries and always compatible with the latest technology and the software available. As an face engineers are doing all the designs in their PCs by apply common design software like AutoCAD, Pro-Engineering, etc and directly transfer those data to the CNC machine as it is. Then these machines are able to convert it to machine coding and no need to do the manual programming again, which save a lots of time and money to the company.3.12 Well Trained And Updated Live Ware All level of staff starting from key managers to junior clerks, well educate for development the available systems and software and as well as promote to do the improvements by their own. competitive PRIORITIES OF SINGER (SRI LANKA) PLCA product or expediency should have key attributes to be competitive in the market place. These are cognize as the competitive priorities. The competitive priorities may change with the market segment. For recitation, customers in a rural area may be raise primarily in the cost of product while the customers in urban areas are inte alleviationed in quality of the same pro duct. (Chandana, 2009, p.9)Cost Or Price As A Competitive PriorityType of competitive strategy with which the organization aggressively seeks efficient facilities, pursues cost reductions, and uses tight cost controls to produce products more efficiently than competitors (Daft, 2009, p.240)Manufacturing plants should plan their systems in such a way that all resources such as material, labour and machines are efficiently used to bring down the cost significantly. Also company should make sure to keep fitting margin to cover all other overhead in front going to reduce the selling price to get more volumes. gauge As A Competitive PriorityQuality should be there in every aspect including design quality, process quality, product quality, service quality, etc. While maintaining ISO 90012000 standards factories are make sure that every point produced up to the required or expected level in terms of both quality of conformance and quality of design. To continue that everybody was well t rained and responsible to maintain the required quality standards in each on the job(p) point as specified in the documents (work instruction lists).In boilers suit companys point of view its also a crucial factor to maintain the balance approach between the price and quality of all the products. So to have a wide-cut range of products in each categories company decided to go with multi brand strategy, where the company doesnt want to compromise quality and damage the brand image overdue to get the price advantage. This differentiation strategy is also a type of competitive priority with which involves attempts to distinguish the firms products or work from others in the industry (Daft, 2009, p.239)Flexibility As A Competitive PriorityWith the bath production operation system in factories they are able to produce variety of products, develop new products, able to do some product changes to fit the customer specifications and also quickly able to respond increasing and decreasin g demand due to the seasonal sales pattern. Manufacturing system is also able to undertake bulk finicky orders at a competitive price and deliver within a shorter time period.Company highly believes there should be a flexibility and variability in all categories. That is also another debate company has moved to differentiation and multi brand strategy to enter into a new era of retailing as explained earlier in all categories, with different brands positioned to appeal to the different customer segments in terms of quality and the price. obstetrical delivery Speed And Dependability As A Competitive PriorityAs a policy Singer is maintaining one month sinless goods inventory in all SKUs in general and 1.5 to 2 months finished goods inventory for identified fast moving items in the sub warehouse. Singer also has the island wide distribution network with more than 500 hooks and goods are transporting insouciant to all locations from the central warehouse. Shops are also permit to keep sufficient inventory in their stores and with that the factories and company can assure they can deliver products on time and most often customers can get the products without waiting. serve As A Competitive PrioritySinger provide left(p) service to their customers by giving not fair a product but with a full package which include super shop environment, friendly customer care staff, product demonstration, discount schemes, easy payment schemes, free delivery to the door step, free installation, customer training, free services for selected items like A/Cs, extended warranty scheme, excellent after sales service, etc. In other words simply customer doesnt have to worry about any other thing after purchasing the item.MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS USED AT SINGER (SRI LANKA) TO GIVE A COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGEERP Implementation At SingerIn year 2005 ERP was a quite new concept for the Sri Lankan businesses, the majority have perceive that ERP is a tool which can integrate the indivi dual fragmental business processes and give information about the entire organization and increase the efficiency. usually Singer is well known company for try out new concepts in the industry in its nature.The requirement of death penalty came into the picture in the top to bottom approach, which is the normal case at Singer. even out though before the idea of ERP emerge there were no big issues in the subsisting processes and whatever the IS used, precedential management started to see large turn holes in the existing systems compared to the capabilities of ERP. The introduction of the ERP to the existing setup required oecumenical study, lot of changes and reengineering to the existing processes. Actually this can be considered as one of the major revolutions which Singer has gone through the short history which is less than two decades. The senior management view ERP as an IT system alternatively IS. The main suit was nobody precious to understand the difference betwe en IS IT, or even nobody realized these are two different things and ERP instruction execution is an IS project not an IT alone. The best usage of ignorance of IS aspect is throughout the revolutions of the organization structures at Singer they have not thought of IS managers, only about IT managers. There has not been a job description of an IS manager nor the IS functions inside IT manager. It is essential to look at any IT related changes to be done to the organization in an IS perspective. Since the senior management identified ERP capital punishment as an IT task, they did not thought it about on the IS perspective. thence the ERP implementation aggroup was formed as an IT team.The attitude toward ERP from the middle management and rest of the organization was in the negative side at the initial phase. They go out ERP as a tool which will be introduced by senior management with the support of IT team to find the mistakes and audit individuals on their deliverables. Fo r an example warehouse managers saw ERP as a watch dog who can report the inefficiencies of the warehouse. He never understood ERP as a tool which can increase his efficiency. The job is not with either the managers or ERP, it is due to the human nature. As human beings anybody does not like to change, there is an integral resistance for change. Therefore it is the duty of the steering committee to make the environment and culture where employees are ready for change. This is nothing related IT, but its in all related to the IS. Simply the attitude should be changed slowly where employees will say yes we need the change.One major reason for not doing proper change preparation was the strict timeline for the ERP implementation. Thus some of the key aspects of IS has been ignored. It is a known fact that sometimes we need to do the changes gradually, when the resistance is high. Therefore this could have been a good strategy if Singer ERP implementation was initially well planned a nd introduced as a gradual change. Even though the ERP implementation went with a rapid phase it was 50% successful at the first attempt because of the visionary leadership of the chairman Mr. Hemaka Amarasooriya.The formation of the ERP implementation was done with the majority of IT personnel but with the presence of representatives of key divisions. At this dot most of the middle managers did not treat this seriously and they asked somebody from his/her division in the ERP team, but the member was frequently changed when divisional workload increases. Thus there were no dedicated representatives from key departments. On the other hand middle managers do not involve in reviewing the progress. come along in 2005 Singer did not have well defined and documented processes to handle the day to day work. The general operative culture was heavily depending on the manager of the division. There were lots of emplacemental decisions taken by the managers with the gut smell and most of the time they worked fine. last what happened was the existing process was not exhaustively studied by the ERP team and they came up with an inappropriate reengineering plan to fit ERP into Singer processes. In a nutshell, this plan was not to customize the ERP into the Singer culture, but to customize Singer culture in such a way that it will fit ERP general template. For an example if we compare the finished goods delivery for a particular location, previously it was approved by the district managers or area managers. At that point they decide exact touchstone to go there and make the delivery note for the ware house team. Then if the goods are available they will directly deliver them and sleep together the originator. If the products are not available warehouse will contact the requester and ask for a modification with available types of products. Sometimes this make the things to get hold up but good situational decisions were possible. When this process was cutover to the ERP, the process was modified. The new request was to be selected among pre defined product sets. Therefore if any single product was short, system will not allow to select that template and choose an identical to unavailable product from the list. This became a big restriction for day to day operation, because in majority of the cases people were used to do customization according to the situation and send the goods to the shops. Eventually the efficiency achieved by integrating warehouse and material planning is of no use due to the restrictions which were not thought of at the planning stage. Even though the above discussed example is related to product delivery similar examples are spreaded across the company with the ERP implementation. The major reason for this was lack of the support given by experienced staff when the ERP implementation was planned.The ERP implementation at Singer in year 2005 was an exercise of more than 2 years, but not fully bad experience even there wer e highly impacted cases. The finance department got much enhancement for their day to day operations because almost the entire business was inter machine-accessible compared to previous individual MIS run at individual departments. For an example the finance manager can get an entire view on the fiscal status online and drill down to micro detail for analysis purposes. Further the documentation work of the ware house material ordering departments were cut back immensely. Because prior to ERP the same information which was entered in different systems at different departments. Sometimes due to mistakes the same information recorded by two departments was not identical. Since ERP integrated all the departments via the processes, information was accurate and available online.Even though ERP was took the cold start and kept on moving with day to day work, Singer did not stop the previous systems overnight. It was like a parallel operation of the previous systems and ERP. This was a ve ry good decision, because differently there could have been a significant impact and delays due to the initial problems ERP faced. At the ground level running ERP had lot of operational issues because the existing systems were not studied properly and necessary reengineering was not done.The next biggest problem was the real users of ERP were not feeding the accurate data in to the ERP system. This was mainly due to the culture which was established in the lower levels of the company. Majority was enkindle in doing the job properly, but hated the documentation work. Thus they entered some data for the sake of completion this was severe because the initial ERP system was not equipped with proper data validation mechanisms. Again this was not a confinesation of ERP it was an issue of customization and implementation. For an example when issuing products for a new location (shop), there was a requirement to fill something in the location/shop name field. So the person who is issuing the delivery note just enters some word as the location/shop name. Therefore for the financial department it would be like junk information, because they cannot perform the assets capitalization at shop level. After few month of the operation this problem was observe and resulted in doing an audit on the entire network on the shop level. Plenty of money was spent on this audit just to adjust some mistake which were not anticipated at the beginning due to tight time schedule.After running ERP for about six months all the people began to realize that ERP implementation have lot of problems than expected. The employees from the bottom was complain and raising the voice that the ERP is not functioning properly and signs of failures of entire system were popping out, since ERP is the only integrated system running in Singer. For an example in first quarter of 2007 employees freely express their views to senior management on the problems of ERP. These motivated the senior management to take the bottom up approach and relook at the ERP again.Eventually management took a serious chit-chat and formed cross functional teams (CFT) to find the problems in ERP and iron them out. This was initiated in second quarter of 2007 and given a time line of 12 months. More importantly real hard users of ERP was put into the CFTs and take out all the issues of the system. Then there was an ERP consultant in each CFT, who has to shape the issues with the agreement of the team. Finally the CFT has to certify and sign off there are no more identified issues in the ERP. This became a fruit full exercise due to following reasons,Actual users became a part of the team who studied the issues in the system.Each CFT was equipped with ERP consultantIT department contend the role of IS with the support of all the divisionsSenior management support and advocateLast but not least attitude of the organization was to straighten out whatever issues with ERP and move forward to face the compe tition.Finally after about 2 years of period Singer was able to make ERP a success. In any successful project there is plenty of way for improvement, thus that global rule applies to Singer ERP as well. For an example presently the ERP operates as an internal system, but the capability of ERP is far beyond.The present bring out chain should be extended to include the suppliers, distributors and business partners, though internet to guarantee a smoother process of ordering and purchasing of goods with stripped-down time-to-market, stock holdings, less problems. Singer should improve and use the present ERP system to access suppliers and distributors stock databases on-line and in real time to check stock levels. There should be information integration, planning synchronization and work flow coordination to achieve this goal. With a fully fledged SCM and close cooperation with the each organization in the supply chain will add value, reduce costs, improve flexibility and increase r esponsiveness of Singer.Information Systems In The gentleman Resource DepartmentOne can ask why we need IS for the HR department, but actually IS can improve the HR department functions extensively in a large organization like Singer. Human Resource Management Information Management System is vital organization, where manual record keeping is an inefficient task. For an example let us come back the method of sending birthday greeting to employees. If the data was not available in the computer and it is in the ad hominem files clerk or subordinate should routinely check for the upcoming birthdays and trigger the sending of birth day card. But thank to computers every morning there is a pop up with the names of the birthday celebrities. At Singer, its HRIS basically performs three services, demean keeping parallel to the traditional method of keeping hardcopies in the personal file, all the information is fed to HR database. This database is share in the intranet at different ac cess security levels. For an example the basic information is shared among everybody, but personal and HR specific data are curb to selected HR personnel. Even though IT is used for record keeping it can be seen that the work is duplicated by keeping hard copies too. Thus it is recommended to limit the hardcopy based record keeping to the documents which have a legal requirement. other than the IT use is not optimized in the aspect of record keeping.Facilitating human resource operations Thanks to the HRIS majority of the HR operations are computerized. For example staff recruitment, attendance and leave recording, linking up with payroll, performance appraisal, training management are done using the HR penetration, and this saves a lot of time. HRIS is cordial to any staff in the company. Staff performs all their administrative requests via the HRIS portal and the relevant supervisor can approve or reject the relevant request from the system itself. There will be automatic emai l alerts sent to relevant parties by HRIS, if any task is pending to be performed by a person. Therefore HRIS is linked with the exchange server of the organization to facilitate this feature. Staff personnel file details are scanned and stored securely, in addition to the hard copies for back-up and easy retrieval purposes. Payroll system is connected to the HRIS to minimize intermediate human intervention. The human resource management can retrieve customized reports from HRIS such as, division wise staff attendance, overall working hours, division/ unit wise performance etc.Reporting for management decision fashioning Since the entire aspects of HR is computerized, it is very easy to do data mining and come of with summaries which will ease the decision making with quantitative figures. The cost reduction Initiatives Company has implemented in the recent past has been taken with the support of HRIS data. Another important support HR got by means of IT was implementing the force d ranking performance appraisal. Since 2006 Singer was difficult to implement the forced ranking in the annual performance evaluation. This was initiated to make sure the best performers will be filtered and top percentage will be rewarded. The majority of the company did not like this bell curve method because it can deteriorate the team culture, but the management wanted to implement this and the HR was trying hard. Somehow the exceptional performance of the company made HR to deviate from the forced bell curve. The major reason was the power and politics of the line managers. For an example the line manager who was doing the performance evaluation ranked everybody in his team with A+, for a year he has achieved targets exceptionally. After couple of rounds of discussions HR changes their mind and agree with the line manager. Therefore consecutive two years of failure on implementation of bell curve based ranking, HR decided to get the support of IT. IT modified the existing HRIS in such a way that a single manager cannot submit his evaluation on his team if he does not adhere to the bell curve. With this manager was not supposed to mark A+, A, B, C D they had to give marks out of 100, but cannot give identical marks. Then the system will rank them accordingly. So one can give almost 99% to all employees, but system will rank using the differences in decimal places.Eventually in 2008 HR was able to implemented to bell curve based ranking in reality without going for personal level arguments with managers, because they used the IS effectively.IDENTIFICATION OF GAPSThe information systems (IS) at Singer can be identified from the functional perspective based on the major business functions of sales and marketing, manufacturing and production, finance and accounting and human resources. As illustrated by the following diagram, the IS serve the three different levels of the organization i.e. operational level, management level and strategic level.IS at Operat ional LevelThe operational level systems support operational managers in monitoring the daily activities and transactions of the business. At Singer, the sales and marketing function at operational level is supported by four information systems. The order processing, is mainly related to sales and billing at Singer. The material movement control under manufacturing and control is done using ERP System (e.g. Material Master and Plant Maintenance modules). ERP accounting system at Singer enhances the financing and accounting function by introduce the flow of funds in the firm through transactions such as paychecks, payments to vendors, securities reports and receipts. The operational management of Si

WSH Management System with Legal Compliance

WSH attention System with Legal Compliance set up WSH vigilance System with Legal ComplianceBackground of My organizationGREATLAND(S)ENGINEERING PTE,LTD. follow PROFILEGREATLAND(S)ENGINEERING PTE, LTD fetch with main-con SK Engineering construction In the Comp either was prequalified by the Land Transport Authority (LTA) of capital of Singapore to undertake each(prenominal)(a)(prenominal) major(ip) mass transit rail (MRT) corpse bring onments with undisclosed contract value. at heart half a year, the Company has been awarded MRT contracts with total value exceeding 350Million Singapore Dollars by LTA. The company is also currently in the stage of active in new and coming tenders for MRT projects East-West cable turn over by LTA in Singapore.We boast a tradition of integrated project Company and technical foul expertise in the railway construction industry. Our unique blend of incorporated culture, sound business strategies, experience, strong financial status and advance engineering tops to excellent results and the dynamism of the Company. Confidently offers the most cost-effective and efficient intrinsical design and construction solutions to every(prenominal) our customers. plan name East-West cable tunnel and project value 350 million dollars. Starting on December 2012 and complition on dec 2016.1) Explain the WSH roles, responsibilities and politics for any four (4) of employees that should be defined in the WSH focal point System.(i) Project Manager/Senior Deputy Project ManagerTo Chair the Project galosh, Health and Environment (SHE) deputationTo lead, track down and implement the SHEMS (SHE Management System)To implement Companys corporate gumshoe programs and proceduresTo ensure the provision of safe and healthy blend ining environs for all staffTo ensure that all statutory requirement, codes of practice and companys pencil eraser rules and regulations be complied withTo oversee exploit of sub-contractors and ensure that they comply with effective requirements and galosh standardsTo review safety issues and recommendations for improvement on safetyTo develop and go on close liaison and steady communication with relevant statutory authoritiesTo conduct regular inspection and audit on the safety provisions on postTo establish and maintain a confirming safety climate on the project siteTo ensure the WSH citizens committee carries out investigations recommendations for any incident, accident, near miss or dangerous position that such actions are recorded(ii) WSH Officer helper in the carrying into action of the sites study safety and health environmental platformsAssist in identifying and assessing any foreseeable risk arising from the workplace or work processes thereinTo recommend reasonably practicable measures to eliminate, minimize or take hold any foreseeable risk to any person who is at work in the workplace or may be affected by other work processes in the workplaceAssist to implement the ignoreonical Safe Work Method Statement and Risk assessment suffice general supervision and inspection of the observance of the provisions of the WSH Act and any regulations made thereafterAdvise site commission on profound environment, health and safety requirement and company safety proceduresTo admonisher performance of sub-contractors ensure their compliance with legal requirements safety standardsTo update management on new changes in legal requirements relating to workplace safety and health steer safety programme and activities to promote safe conduct of workersTo investigate all incidents/accidents or dangerous occurrences recommend means to prevent recurrencesReport and negociate with the management, relevant authorities on inspection, audit and other safety, health and environment issuesServe as the secretary in the site WSH committee(iii) WSH Coordinator/WSH supervisors doings daily inspection and act on unsafe acts and causationsTrain and monitor workers safe work practicesMaintain and monitor safety records and checklistTo assist in the investigation of accidents/incident/dangerous occurrences recommend remedial actions, if infallibleTo liaise with authorities subcontractors on WSH mattersAssist in identifying any unsafe condition / unsafe act recommend / implement reasonable practicable measures to change by reversal the situationMonitor the conduct of daily tool chest meetings and Job synthetic rubber Analysis briefingsAct as assistant secretary of the site WSH committee(iv) EngineersTo be in-charge of overall structural work and inspectionTo comply with all legal safety requirements and company safe work proceduresTo conduct regular inspection and audits on the safety provisions on site monitor and ensure subcontractors comply with legal safety requirements and safety standardsEnsure that the canonic Safe Work Method Statement and Risk Assessment are utilize by subcontractors and all employees.To participate in safety talks, toolbox meetings and briefingsTo report any incidents, assist in investigation.Rectify unsafe conditions and adjust unsafe act promptly on site.Attend safety meetings to contribute to a safe working environment2) Identify at to the lowest degree three (3) stakeholders relevant to the chosen work and explain how the WSH roles, responsibility and authorities would be communicated to the stakeholders.3) Describe three WSH management system in apply in workplace and explain any five (5)elemaents of theWSH management system in detail and how your organization implement it. refuge formulation it is undeniable to equip workers at all level with acquaintance, skills and attitude so that they can perform their job in a safely manner. Its is also necessary to establish procedures to identify traning needs and provide adequate safety training to all levels. Records of training should also be documented and maintained at all times.In- house safety rules and regulations it needs t o be established and enforced to ensure all working personnel know their roles and responsibilities in safety that they need to comply e.g. proper use of PPE, operation and maintenance of machinery and equipment, proper handling and storage of hazardous materials and reporting of hazards and incident.Incident investigation and compend it is to establish the cause of incidents and to prevent recurrence of the incidents. Procedures to identify, record, investigate and analyse incidents should be established and maintained so that corrective actions can be implemented to prevent recurrence of incidents.Five (5) Elements of theWSH management systemRisk Assessment /Hazards analysisSafe work practicesSafety promotionSafety inspctions want preparedness4) Identify resources required for the implementation of WSH management.Resources required for implementation of WSH management may includeHuman resources (manpower)Financial resourcesEquipment and tools storage allocationSpace allocatio nSpecialised skillsScheduling of implementation5) By means of a run for chat, explain how You coordinate and document a management review on WSH Management System and illustrate types of record to be documented for Management reviewManagement meeting during the meeting, all the relevant stakeholders will be issued a copy of the WSH management system for review.Pre capture meeting during the pre start meeting, the WSH personnal would present the slides on the respective elements of the WSH Management System to all the stakeholders involved.Safety induction course during the SIC, all stakeholders would be briefed on the implementation of the WSH Management System on site. tool chest Meeting Record6) Prepare all legal register for your workplace7) Explain how your workplace procedure for checking organisational compliance with applicable WSH legal and other requirement.Organization should document and maintain records of safety training provided for all working personnel in the or ganisation. upbringing records may includePersonnel who are provided with training. These include employees as swell up as sub contractors employees.Duration of training rules of order of business of training including date and time of training, topics, trainers and details of assessments.Sequence of training includes the order in which training content, activities and how assessment is conducted.Type of training include skills based, knowledge based and target of training whether for workers, supervisor or managers.Trainers particulars including their competency and experience in the training topics8) List of Communication impart at your workplace to reach out to StakeholdersCommunication channelsToolbox meetingWSH committee meetingWork progress meetingManagement meetingTechnical meetingWSH trainingWSH InspectionRepotsFeedbackEmailSafety posterNewslettersPhone calls9) Explain how you Coordinate compliance audit for your workplaceArranging the schedulee.g. date of audit, duration of audit, start time of the audit, comprise to conduct the audit and scope of the audit.Engaging a competent attendante.g consultant or Auditing Agencies.Conducting the meetinge.g. opening the meeting, discuss the audit programme with the introduction of auditor and auditees, familiarisation tour at the site process and site utilization plan, verification of effective implementation SHMS involving reviewing of documents, procedures and records, interviewing of personnel and phyisical inspection, evaluation of audits findings and give way the meeting.

Economic Impact of Shale Gas and Tight Oil

Economic Impact of Shale Gas and steady oilWhy the Economic Impact of Shale Gas and Tight Oil is rather limitedThe extraction of shale spatter and tight oil from original sources is currently subject to a fierce debate. The discussion about benefits and disadvantages stands at a decisive threshold for economic policies at a regional, topic and international take aim. europium remains divided on this issue enchantment data from the US seems to be promising. The question on the macroeconomic pertain of the shale petrol break remains, however, unclear. The author outcrys that the long-run economic benefits for the US and Europe are rather limited. To prove this, he give critically discerp the claims made by Daniel Yergin and Nick Butler as well as Muehlenbachs, Spiller Timmins article on the subject.The focus of the analysis at a glanceDaniel Yergin claims in his article, that US shale gas and tight oil adopt already changed global nil markets and reduced twain Europes competitiveness vis--vis the US and Chinas general competitiveness. What is to a greater extent, he claims that this improper rotary motion in energy forget bring a swop in global politics. Although it is probable, that the US will developed to be gas exporting country in the coming years, studies show that they will take a crap to rely signifi potbellytly on crude oil imports in the future, and non only from Canada, as Yergin claims.Furthermore, there will not be a significant reduction on emissions due to the so called shale revolution. Other topical anesthetic externalities, such as the impact on groundwater, air pollution, and leakages consecrate to be considered. Muehlenbachs, Spiller Timmins article flat suggests considerable erects on the housing-market and home values. Furthermore, data of the US case shows that the reduction of the amount of coal-produced energy was triggered by the cyclical decrease in gas prices, which has promptly largely turned. Shale gas is insufficient on its own to drive out coal of the overall energy-mix in both the United States and Europe. Therefore, Nick Butlers claim of self-sufficiency within a a couple of(prenominal) years and Yergins argument about a shift in world politics have to be treated with caution.Yergin and Butler both come up with the argument, that move gas prices will strengthen the delivery. When looking at the impact of move gas prices on productivity, two set up can be analysed Firstly, an income effect due to the fact that gas can now be produced cheaper and thus, ceteris paribus, more income is available to buy other goods. Secondly, substitution effects that are resulting from displacement gas prices that can change the relative prices of goods in which gas is an scuttlebutt and consequently have knock-on effects for productivity in other sectors. Yet, it is not that simple. Analysing the issue out of a microeconomic perspective suggests that the effect on gross domestic product of the two effects is likely to be trivially unimportant, impact sectors representing only a minor part of the economy (1.2% in the US). data of several studies suggests average income effects of about 0.575% from 2012 and 2040 for the US. It is important to stress that this is a long-term increase in the level of GDP, not the addition rate. some other key element of Yergins argumentation is the reduced dependency on oil imports menti angiotensin-converting enzymed above. Increased domestic production of oil and gas wills to a smaller amount of imports. Subsequently, this means that the producer surplus of oil is beingness transferred from foreign oil exporters to domestic oil producers. But again, this has consequences on the level of GDP in the long term and not on the growth rate. Studies show that, even when considering increases of the rallying rate and other crowding-out effects, there will not be a significant positive impact on manufacturing deficit after all. Similarl y to the data shown earlier, the long-run GDP effects of reduced US oil imports are estimated to increase the level of GDP until 2040 of about 0.35%.The addition of these effects leads to a conversion of the long-run level of GDP of averagely 0.875%. Adding these effects to the un reliablety of fracking per se, especially in Europe, one can clearly see that there might not be that untold of a revolution going on after all.Considering the argument that the unorthodox revolution will create a fair amount of jobs, at least in the US, one has to consider that the American economy was not at that time and is not at full employment of cut into and capital now. The estimated short-term stimulus effects due to increased investment, employment, and comment spending in the sector are again rather junior-grade (0.13% of GDP and 0.48% of GDP).Regarding the change of the balance of competitiveness in the world economy and the claimed unanticipated advantage due to shale energy, one has to consider a few other things. There is no proof that the shale gas boom will lead to a reindustrialisation of the entire American manufacturing sector. Of course, US exports have locomote sectors that use gas, but only to almost $24 billion in 2012 compared to a manufacturing trade deficit of roughly $780 billion. Additionally, declines in the real exchange rate in the last years and the consequences of the recession have clearly increased exports and reduced imports. The assumption that the unconventional revolution will lead to a revitalisation of US economy is therefore rather delicate. Furthermore, the earn benefits of low-priced gas are likely to be limited to certain manufacturing sectors only, especially the chemicals, metals, and paper sectors according to IMF working papers.In conclusion, the analysis shows that one needs to carefully differentiate between the (positive) effects of the shale gas boom as a technical innovation and it being a revolution per se. As shown abov e, the long-term benefits in the areas of production and manufacturing competitiveness are relatively small. Additionally, shale gas and tight oil will not replace coal-based energy nor substitute a considerable amount of oil imports in both the US and Europe in the next decades. Therefore, promoting energy efficiency and low-carbon technologies as well as clear energy policies will be even more important than before, especially for the European countries.ReferencesArticles analysedButler, N. (2014, March 30). After shale gas, now for tight oil. Retrieved from Financial Times http//blogs.ft.com/nick-butler/2014/03/30/after-shale-gas-now-for-tight-oil/Muehlenbachs, L., Spiller, B., Timmins, C. (2014, February 9). The housing-market impacts of shale-gas development. Retrieved from VoxEU Research-based policy analysis and input from leading economists http//www.voxeu.org/article/shale-gas-and-housing-marketYergin, D. (2014, January 8). The Global Impact of US Shale. Retrieved from P roject household https//www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/daniel-yergin-traces-the-effects-of-america-s-shale-energy-revolution-on-the-balance-of-global-economic-and-political-powerOther sourcesCelasun, O., Di Bella, G., Mahedy, T., Papageorgiou , C. (2014). The US Manufacturing Recovery Uptick or Renaissance. IMF Working Paper.Gruenspecht, H. (2013). yearbook Energy Outlook (Early Release) with projections to 2040 presentation on behalf of US Energy entropy Administration for Center on Global Energy Policy. New York capital of South Carolina University.US Energy Information Administration. (2014, April 16). Annual Energy Outlook 2014. Retrieved from US Energy Information Administration http//www.eia.gov/oiaf/aeo/tablebrowser/

The Principles of Green Design in Architecture

The Principles of Green Design in ArchitectureIn young communities, healthy environment is the foundation of our daily lives. However, environmental problems atomic number 18 fair serious. Much research illustrate that the pollution from computer computer architecture, from construction to operation, is one of the chief(prenominal) contributors of these problems. The world famous concept theorist Victor Papanek claimed in the 1960s, that concepters should estimate the limited resources around the world to protect the planet. This was the first announcement globally promoting the set of principals of discolor mark. This assignment will firstly explain the rules of atomic number 19 design, then show several applications of these conventions and finally evaluate the contribution of these dogmas to beau monde .According to Yeang and Spector, common design is establish on four tenets, the special K principle, the colorize principle, the mettlesome principle and the red principle, which aim to put down taint to the environment, recycle go down on and reuse nix. The one thousand principle is the principle virtually interconnecting indispensable aras and mental synthesiss. The grey principle refers to the circular systems in the structures, such as heartiness or galvanizing power systems. The blue principle is close to the body of water supply cycle which should be designed to close the loop, which means that audition opera hat to reduce or reuse waste water. Finally, the red principle suggest designers should meet the requirements of customers.When assumeing these principles in architecture, it means sustainable design to honour with economic, social and ecological sustainability.The green principle states that whenever and wherever possible, the existent natural eco-system should be reserved to a great extent during the period of designing. This has been highlighted by Yeang and Spector (2011), having an eco-infrastructure in th e master plan is vital. The obvious benefit, such as providing cleaner air and improving water supply, of designing under the green principle is significant. However, a hidden potential, for instance, being a conditioner of climate modify and keeping water from washing away, is also meaningful. As will be illustrated later, designing under green principle bring citizens better lives.The grey principle is the principle which is frequently apply in urban engineering. Applying it into architecture aims to regard buildings as a small city. Therefore, buildings should produce separate of energy by themselves, which can lighten the burden of g everywherenment as legion(predicate) pressing global social issues have been ca utilise by limitation of resource. The best explaination of this is the application of solar energy.The third principle of green design is the blue principle, which can also be called the water principle. This principle claims that juvenile expert trajectories for t he water infrastructure should be applied (Hiessl et al 2001). As the troth of global shortage, it should be apply in cyclic way. Water used in the built environment needs to be recovered and re-used wherever possible(Yeang and Spector). As a result, blue principle is an additional built-up principle for green design.The last principle of green design is the red principle, which is a principle of serving human communities directly. Applying this principle, designer should realize what citizens really require, whether they are satisfied with your design. It is important for a designer to remind themselves as a service pass onr. What we do not know can hurt us(Bondan Sosnowchik, 2007). This is the social and human dimension that is often missing in the make up of green designers (Yeang and Spector).As the environmental problems become more and more serious, green design principles have been applied more frequently. Modern buildings always apprehend element of green design more o r less. Designers usually apply principles of green design in their design in order to change the quality of them. The particular examples below cover the application of the four heavy principles of green design and demonstrate evidences of the principles of green design that should be used more widely.With the speedy construction, increase population and rapid-developing transportations, the phenomenon of urban heat island substance become significant, which lead to the environmental deterioration of life quality. Therefore, the applying of green principle require action imperatively. According to this, upright piano planting have been use in common design. Vertical planting is a technique that uses unalike resources to allow plants to extend upward rather than grow along the out of city. In some cases, no support frame of any resistant is needed as the plants naturally grows upwards. The plants outside the building provide a layer to protect buildings from sunshine, which is benefit for preserving the temperature inside the buildings. Research demonstrate that buildings with vertical planting would keep the temperature 3-9 degrees lower than without that. With the help of vertical planting, the burden of air- conditioners could reduce 12.7% approximately. It can be seen in some of innovational constructions that green roofs, walls and facades are some of the City of Melbournes latest tools in the work to vary city to climate change.As the rapidly developing of green design, in order to applying the grey principle more effectively, the Building Information Modifying technology, based on the 3D technology, a new building design mannequin collecting and managing effectively all kinds of information in the entire building life circle, have been exploited to assist architects to design recycle systems of buildings(Liu Liu 2013).Applying this new technology, designers could be able to design the circular energy or electric systems inside the buildings, such as solar energy system, to decline the cast out effects to environment and to achieve sustainable building design. Furthermore, wind catcher, a suitable ventilation means for houses to creates pleasant airflow in rooms, sign and basement, is an opposite latest technology to reduce the energy of a building requiring to function normally. In addition, while hot water is the largest component of residential energy costs later heating and cooling, a solar home(prenominal) water heating system that is well designed will provide 50-80% of hot water needs, depending on the buildings geographical posture and the time of year.Water, often called the source of life, provides a valuable resource to be celebrated in the process of green design. According to Art Ludwig, lonesome(prenominal) about 6 per cent of water pile use for drinking. Consequently, beverage water should not use for irrigation or sewage. The Monterey Bay Shores approach to water management is a representative ex ample show how blue principle working. In Monterey Bay Shores water systems, main water sources is from the rain, which is collected by a storage and used in swimming pools, toilets, spa, laundry and bathtub after different processes of treatment. An additional water supplying line is municipal water supply, which provides potable water for drinking and cooking. Finally, all the graywater( used water) after treatments will be irrigated for the plants of green roofs and green walls. Furthermore, the recycling system in Birds Nest is another example. With the help of six water collection and storage tanks with a capacity of 12,000 cu m over 70 per cent of the water supply at Birds Nest is recycled water, while 23 per cent is recycled rainwater, which will be used for washing the stadium, road, toilet, garage and irrigating the land around the venue.Recent years, residents in red-brick cities complain more frequently about the crowded sky scrapes. The relentless tall buildings bring them the felling of choking. As the quality of peoples lives improved, a place for living is not the basic requirement of customers. The happiness and relaxation taken by the style of space have been regard as more important. It tends to be a tendency that applying the red principle in ultramodern design of architecture to satisfied the customers. Bauhaus Design School, the origin of modern design, for some, is synonymous with the greater term modernism. For others, the Bauhaus is a type of font or an architectural design style. Architecture is designed for human is one of the most prominent view of Bauhaus. Architecture is service for people and should be unite with environment to become a gorgeous place for living. In German and Sweden, numerous buildings are designed with large dimensions but amiable, moderate and prosperous. The architecture to people is what human to nature. While nature never change avocation the humans minds, building designers should consider more about the suggests from residents. Otherwise, a eye-attractive design without suitableness for people could not be treat as a successful design.The four principles of green design described higher up have being applied successfully in many parts of the world and have produced a significant reduction in environmental damage. To be more specific, the mainly benefits of applying principles of green design could be shared out into three parts economic benefits, environmental benefits and social benefits. Firstly, for the economic aspect, green buildings typically have lower annual cost for energy, water, maintenance and other operating expenses. Although the first costs may be higher, the payback would be worthy as the time goes by. Secondly, as original buildings use the energy and produce waste, green buildings could produce energy by themselves and reuse the waste to minimize the pollutant. Furthermore, in social respect, the principles use in green design bring the improvement in the quality of life, health and well-being. Residents in modern community would feel more health, comfortable and satisfactory to live in a green building.In conclusion, green design is helpful to apologize the pressing global environmental problems while the situation become increasing serious, such as the urban heat island effect and greenhouse effect. Applying the principles in design, the cost of operating buildings would reduce by a margin, for instance, the expenditure of using air-conditioners will decrease sharply. Furthermore, applying principles of green design could take numerous benefits to peoples health lives. For instance, plants can produce oxygen and absorb blow dioxide, which suits for human that need oxygen every second particularly. Principles of green design enable people to live in a more comfortable and sustainable environment, which could improve their work efficience and bring them a safer and more environmental friendly future.ReferencesPanaek, V 1970, Design for the real world, Sweden.Yeang, K Spector, A(ed) 2011, Green design from theory to practice, black dog publishing, London, UK.Bondan, P Sosnowchik, K 2007, Sustainable commercialised Interiors, Spain.Henry, Y 2010, An Introduction to Green Building Information Modeling (BIM).http//www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/SUSTAINABILITY/COUNCILACTIONS/Pages/GreenRoofsWallsandFacades.aspxhttp//bckievning.iweb.bsu.edu/ station/Historical_Movement.htmlhttp//www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2008-05/19/content_6695589_2.htmHiessl, H, Walz, R Toussaint, D, Design and Sustainability Assessment of Scenarios of Urban Water al-Qaeda Systems, ISI, Germany.

The Positive Research Paradigm

The coercive Re try ParadigmA paradigm posteriorful be outlined as a set of shargond assumptions close some fit of the universe. A query paradigm directs our advent towards question by defining the ontology and epistemology of our research. That is, a paradigm de nones its members share premise regarding the nature of reality, the purpose of research and the form of friendship it furnishs. (OATES, 2007282 LEE, 20045)Lee (20045-6) nones that research paradigms advise be garbled by their various ontologies and epistemologies. A paradigms ontology encapsulates the investigators view of what the real reality is. An ontology flows to genius or more epistemology. Epistemology is the over-arching process by which a school of view performs its logical systemal and observational build. Epistemologies are usu bothy labeled to be every quantifiable or qualitative. Again, and epistemology is divided into several lower levels of methodology which is he more specific manner in which research is conducted. The devices trammeld in each methodology are c solelyed methods.The irrefutable research paradigm, or scientific method, is an start towards research founded on the premise that our world is defined by a set of regular laws or patters, and that we cornerstone investigate these laws verifiablely (OATES, 2007283). Lee (20048) defines the favorableness paradigm as one in which guess is typic in ally provided as a set of related variables express by some form of formal logic, proven empirically to be signifi assholet. positivity is term used to characterize a specific research piazza in which scientific surmise is grounded on objective empirical card. favourableness offers yellions ground on the recogniseledge of laws that connect specific outgrowths with specific initial conditions. (ROMM, 19911).2. Comte and Popper on positivismThe positivistic school of thought can be found in early work of such as Bacon, Galileo and due north (OATES, 1 992283). Auguste Comte and Karl Popper contri neverthelessed significantly towards systematizing, clarifying and formalizing the arguments posed by earlier authors (ROMM, 19911 LEE, 19928).Comte was natural in 1798, just after the French revolution which characterized a utmost of favorable and political revolt against aristocratic rule in European. At this time positivistic philosophy has already filtered down to the physical scholarships barely it was yet to open the social informations. Comte became concerned with finding theory-based and operable solutions to the social anarchy of the period. He argued that the social research allow still be able to serve as moral compass if it was to fuck off a science. (ROMM, 1992 10-11)Popper, born in 1902, grew up in a socialistic pre-Viennese society which was characterized by doctornistic views as opposed to precise thinking. Popper was intrigued by Einsteins approach to theorizing. Einstein regarded his own theory as plausib le only if it failed critical tests. Popper became convinced that the only modality to build strong theory was to define critical test that could refute the theory but never trust it. (ROMM, 1992 28-29)ROMM (19929-97) defines positivism with reference to the original writings of Comte (1975) and Popper (1992). He discusses this philosophy on the grounds of its definition of noesis, the logic that governs its investigation, the methods used in investigation and the applicative utility of companionship2.1. The definition of acquaintance.Comte criticized theological and metaphysical view of the world. correspond to the theological view all abnormalities in the universe is the direct and conscious intervention of a supernatural agent, while the metaphysical view describes all phenomena as the matchion of some abstract forces, real entity or personified precis cosmos invoked. Comte regarded this as un consecutive and incompatible with science. Comte defined phenomena as being governed by set natural laws which, if known, can be used to predict the outcomes.These natural laws state under which circumstance we can expect to beset a certain outcome. We can learn these laws by analyzing the circumstances that hit an outcome and drawing inference to its succession. Only by asking questions closely these natural laws can we create knowledge. Asking questions nigh first-and-final truths is futile, because this is beyond the reach of human comprehension.Popper agrees with Comte that a natural law is an unvarying regularity that defines the outcome that flows from a certain set of circumstances. Knowledge is added by uncovering theses laws operate in the respective fields of enquiry. match to Popper, scientist should non be sidetracked by the essentialist meaning of things (first-and-final truths) but rather in observing occurrences in the world in order to find true theories and descriptions of the world. Popper in addition adds that even the aspect and falsification of untrue theories advances knowledge, such that by discovering mistakes we better approximate truths.2.2. logic that governs its investigation.Comte argues that seed facts are the only basis for speculation. We should observe and reason virtually facts to form knowledge, rather than sterile empiricism. Sound theorizing should guide our observations science thereof is a cycle of theorizing, observing and building theories. The process of building knowledge starts by deducing or inducing a guess from general theory or specialized theory respectively.Induction is the logical formation of reason out theory form specialized consequences. For example, every life form we know of depends on liquid water to exist all life depends on liquid water to exist. Deduction is the logical formation of specialized consequences from generalized theory. A popular example, all men are mortal Socrates is a man therefore, Socrates is mortal.Comte (1975) describes a scheme as the pro visional supposition, alto raiseher conjectural in the first instance with regards to some of the nonions which are the object of enquiry. but put, a hypothesis states the anticipated result for undertaking a scientific enquiry. A hypothesis is validated if it is able to accurately predict what it is proposing accustomed the initial set of circumstances.Science therefore is the activity of observing and disclosing the brand-new observable consequences that confirms or invalidates our primitive supposition. We constantly incorporate new knowledge by making new observations or more profound meditations that both refute or confirm our hypothesis. Through repeated scientific endeavors knowledge comes to approximate reality.Poppers definition of a hypothesis is similar to that of Comte, but he differs in his approach of validation a hypothesis. Popper criticize Comte arguing that our pose can only falsify our theories not validate them. He postulates that a statement can only be verified as not being untrue as opposed to being true. He argues that theories can never be validated, but only corroborated. A theory is corroborated if we are, based on experience to date, unable to falsify a theory. The strength of a hypothesis lies in its openness to be tested on observations made. Popper describes science then to be the formulation of testable theories which cannot be falsified through experience.Poppers work excessively introduces an additional idea of chance statements which is hypothesis with some form of probability of outcome attached. Logically these statements can never be proven to be untrue. Popper argues that this hypothesis can be corroborated if they reasonably present all contingent outcomes and if they cannot be falsified given conjectural and fair samples.Unlike Comte, Popper does not delineate the notion that theories can be bring forth from specialized facts. With reference to the work of David Hume (1748), Popper argues that induction ca nnot be justified rationally. We should not go from fact to theory, but rather deduce our hypothesis into lower level statements which are separately testable hypothesis, which when falsified proving our original hypothesis wrong.Popper argues that we should ensure purity and objectivity in our research by subjecting our decision (on whether our most basic lower level statements should be accepted) to peer criticism. Through criticism science give become open and detached from idiosyncratics.2.3. The methods used in investigation.Compete argues that we should test our hypothesis by observing how they hold in reality. Direct observation is when we look at phenomena before our eyes. As example, in astronomy we observed that planets are oviform with flat ends on both sides. observance by experiments is when we observe how phenomena react to artificially modified circumstance. As example, in physics we experiment with gloominess by having different particles deterioration to th e ground. Comparison is when we observe a serial publication of analogous cases in which the phenomena is more and more simplified. As example, imagine the semblance of the same chemical fluid under different combinations of pressure and temperature.Popper also distinguishes between experiments and observations as the two main positivistic methods of research. He does however disagree that comparison is a methods on its own, but argues that it is inherent to the another(prenominal) two methods. In an experiment, as example, a researcher compares the artificially induced results with the results under normal conditions.Both Popper and Comte both (referencing Francis Bacon) argue that empirical methods are superior as they provide objectivity to researchers that untimely removes bias from the science. They do however mention that observation should take place in all five senses, and though it might be possible to objectively placard an observed distance, it might be less possible to objectively note smell. Qualifying these abstract observations should be done in a way that is unambiguous. For example, the distinct rotten-egg smell of H2S is widely cited in modern scientific literature.2.4. realistic utility of knowledge.Comte theorized that once we know a certain outcome will always occur given conditions presented we are able to produce the outcomes we want. Theories form for truly scientific purposes will result in knowledge to be acquired, and eventually lead to practical uses. If science is able to furnish the theoretical basis for practical action, Comte hoped, we will be able to direct social outcomes. We are able to use the knowledge of the laws that govern society to pose the negative externalities in the world.Popper argues that knowledge allow us to predict on the basis of engineering the initial conditions. With the knowledge that science provide we can plan to make their society a better and more reasonable one. We should use piece-tinkering ( as termed by Popper for policy that is aimed at singular results) to mitigate inevitable results of change rather than striving towards ideal.3. Discussion of positivismRamm (199155) defines positivism as the belief in logico-deductive theory as the idealized conception of scientific theory. Many researchers do accept the principles of the positivistic approach without explicitly noting positivism as there ontology. Positivistic research tries to find cause and military group relationships between dependent and independent variables in order to make predictions about our reality.According to the positivistic paradigm science should seek to find all the regular laws or patters in our universe. These laws and patterns in our world exist respectively of any individual cognition. We can carry out experiments or observe reality to determine cause and effect relationships and test hypotheses regarding these relationships. Aim of science is to explain the variety in the dependent varia ble with reference to the variation in the independent variable. (Ramm, 199257 Lee, 20048 Oates, 2007284)Our hypotheses can either be refuted by empirical investigation or corroborated. Some hypothesis will seem to be true for all observations made, and after reasonable peer review we can accept them to be true. If something is found to be infatuated just once, it is false. In the positivistic ontology theories and explanations should be seen as the best knowledge that approximates reality at the current time. (Ramm, 199252 Oates, 2007285)Modern positivism is seen as the cycle between induction and deduction (Ramm, 199261).o Derive hypothesis from more general statementso Test these hypothesis through observationo Generate empirical generalizationso Induce theoretical principles which should again be tested.Our observations should be tested empirically. Ramm (199260) notes that selective information collected should not be treated as formless mass neither should theoretical categor ies be imposed on the data a priori. Theoretical notions become grounded in empirical observation, and data is offered theoretical treatment. Oates (2007288) refers to this in terms of internal grimness external validity. The data generated should be designed to provide the necessary brainstorm into the research topic under observation as well as be applicable in a more general context.According to Oates (2007285) the techniques that lie at the center of positivistic research are Reductionism open frame complex things into smaller things that are more easy to be studies Repeatability researcher dont rely on the results of just one experiment, they repeat the experiments many quantify to be sure that their first set of results was not just a fluke Refutation If other researchers cant repeat an experiment and get the same results as the original researchers they refute they hypothesis. The more a hypothesis can stand up to test designed to refute it, the stronger it isOates (2007 33) lists the pursuit possible research strategies survey, design and creation, experiment, case study, action research, ethnography and interviews. Ramm (199267) fire that the experiment and the survey are the favored methods to observe within the positivistic epistemology. The research paradigm in question is not determined by the research strategy used but rather on the shared assumptions about how to view the world. Oates (1992 286) names five characteristics of the positivistic research ontology The world exists separately of humans Physical and social world exist independently from individual how the world works. Measurement and modeling Researcher discovers this world by making observations and measurements and producing models of how it works Objectivity the researcher is neutral and objective and artless to observer Hypothesis testing Research is based on the empirical testing of theories and hypotheses lead to confirmation or refutation of them Quantitative data analys is Research often have a strong taste perception for mathematical modeling and proofs and statistical analysis Universal laws A researcher looks for generalizations universal laws patterns or irrefutable facts that can be shown to be true regardless of the researcher and the occasions.Furthermore Oates (2007287) characterizes quality positivistic research as being, Objective Research needs to be free of bias and individual preferences. Reliable The research instruments used need to be neutral, accurate and reliable. restate use of the same instrument should yield the same results. Internally valid The research methods well chosen and designed to provide the necessary shrewdness into the research topic under observation. Externally valid The research should be applicable in a more general context.Positivism should not be confused with qualitative research, it does tend to follow apply quantitative research methods but it should be distinguished on the grounds of its ontology (Oates , 2007287). The Oxford (20101198) vocabulary distinguishes quantitative research as being characterized by assigning values, measures or numbers to variables representing the entity under observation, whereas qualitative research describe entities in terms of adjectives. Both Popper (1992) and Comte (1975) mentions that empirical methods provide objectivity to researchers. Qualitative methods are not excluded from positivistic research though they can be included in positivistic research if they are done in an objective, neutral and quotable fashion.Furthermore, Oates (1992) distinguishes between four data generation data generation methods observation, interviews, questionnaires and documents. These methods fall under the ontology of positivism when they meet the characteristics listed above.In most cases interviews are not objective and repeatable, but this research method to can be employ in the framework of positivistic research. As example, physiological ink descry tests/int erviews are conducted in an objective and repeatable fashion and responses modeled and evaluated empirically.Documents can fall inside or outside the positivistic ontology as well. They can directly provide quantified facts and measures or they can be analyzed objectively. For example, Google search engines use heuristic measures to objectively measure the relevance of internet pages.Observation and questionnaires can also fall within or outside the domain of the positivistic ontology depending on how the research approaches are designed. Questionnaires with open ended questions fall under the interpretive approach, while questionnaires that require respondents to rate options or provide short true-false yes-no responses are positivistic. Whether observation falls within the arena of positivistic research again depends on whether this research instrument is objective and repeatable.4. ConclusionThe essence of the positivistic approach is systematic skepticism. The proper approach is to disprove that which researcher believe is actually true. Empirical testing can never proof without a doubt a hypothesis. Science is a method by which theories are formulated and tested repeatedly and objectively against appropriate observations. It is therefore the continuous process of deciding how to observe, code and analyses our observations, and in the light of these observations we decide to temporally accept or reject the postulated hypothesis. primeval SourcesOATES, B. 2006. Researching Information Systems and Computing. London Sage. 341 p.ROMM, N.R.A. 1991. The Methodologies of Positivism and Marxism. A sociological Debate. Hong Kong Macmillan. 208 p.LEE, A. 2004. Thinking about Social Theory and Philosophy for Information Technology. 26p. http//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.137.3685rep=rep1type=pdf construe of access 20 Feb 2010.OXFORD. 2010. Oxford dictionary International Students Edition. 8th ed. Oxford Press. 1888p.Significant secondary wind ing SourcesCOMTE, A. 1907. Auguste Comte and positivism edited by John Stuart Mill. 5th ed. London Paul, Trench, Trubner.POPPER, K,R. 1992. The logic of scientific discovery. London Routledge. 479 p.HUME, D. 1748. An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding. London

Computers :: essays research papers

This paper is round the ready reckoner. To twenty-four hour period computers are uptaked by hundreds of cardinals of people. There have been many advances in the computer. The computer used to weigh 30 tons and fill up warehouse size rooms, but today can be as light as 3 pounds and fit in a persons pocket.There were essentially three times the computer was mentioned. One as a automatonlike computing device, in about 500 BC The other as a concept in 1833, and the third as the modern day computer in 1946. The number 1 mechanical calculator was called the abacus. The abacus is a is a string of moving beads.The prime(prenominal) concept of the modern computer was first outlined in 1833 by the British mathematician Charles Babbage. His outline contained all of todays features in a computer today. Those features are memory, a control unit, and output devices. even out though Babbage worked on the machine for over 40 years he never actual saw it work. The modern computer grew ou t of knifelike research efforts mounted during World War II. The military needed smart ballistics calculators, and British cryptographers needed machines to help break the German inscrutable codes.Early as the 1940s the German Inventor, Konrad Zuse, produced the first operational computer. It was used in aircraft and missile designs, but the German government would not let him improve the machine so it never reached its maximum capability. Two engineers called John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert Jr. from the University of pappa constructed a calculator. Its construction was an enormous feat of engineering. The 30-ton machine was 18 feet steep and 80 feet long, and contained 17,468 vacuum tubes linked by 500 miles of wiring. This calculator performed 100,000 operations per second, and its first operational test included calculations that helped determine the feasibility of the total heat bomb. Computers were finally make to a smaller size in 1958 by Jack Kilby. He used less expensive silicon chips, this made it possible to cram as many as 10 million components on 1 chip. Another big step in the computer chip was made by American Engineer Marcian E. Hoff. He combine the uses of a computer into 1 tiny silicon chip which he called the microprocessor. This microprocessor was called the Intel 4004. By the mid 1970s the microprocessor or microchip reduced the cost of computers. The first affordable desktop computer designed specifically for personal use was called the Altair 8800 and was sold by Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems in 1974.