LEssentiel - Essential French Phrases

Even if youre just going to France for a week, you should know some survival French - a few essential words and phrases that youll use over and over. This is a somewhat miscellaneous list of the basics, so be sure to follow the links at the end for even more essential French like hello and please.Je parle (un peu de) franà §ais  Ã‚  Ã‚  I speak (a little) French.Parlez-vous anglais ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do you speak English?Comment ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  What?Je ne comprends pas.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I dont understand.Que veut dire ___ ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  What does ___ mean?Rà ©pà ©tez, sil vous plaà ®t.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Repeat, please.Plus lentement  Ã‚  Ã‚  More slowlyEncore une fois  Ã‚  Ã‚  One more timeComment dit-on ___ en franà §ais  ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  How do you say ___ in French?Je ne sais pas  Ã‚  Ã‚  I dont knowJai une question  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have a questionJai un problà ¨me  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have a problemoui  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  yesnon  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  nosi  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  yes (in reponse to a negative question)daccor d  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  OKet  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  andou  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  orqui  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  whoquoi  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  what*quand  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  whenoà ¹Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  wherepourquoi  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  whycomment  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  how*Be careful, there are several ways to say what in French. Practice Essential French Vocabulary Essential French quizCrossword puzzleWord seek More essential French 100 essential French wordsEssential French gesturesEssential French grammarEssential French phrasesEssential French verbsEssential French for travelersHow to say ___ in French For more in-depth study, check out French for Beginners.

Satan Is Evil Or Evil - 1330 Words

When hearing the word â€Å"Satan†, people often think of a red man with horns, a pitchfork, and a tail; he is often visualized in the pits of the underworld surrounded by flames. Why does society picture him this way? Some may say â€Å"Because he is evil† or â€Å"Because he fell from heaven†, but people mostly believe this because this is what they were taught. Satan is a figure appearing in many texts of religion as someone who brings evil and temptation. He is known as the deceiver who leads humanity astray, like he deceived Eve into eating the forbidden fruit. Some religious groups teach that he originated as an angel, or something like an angel, who used to possess great piety and beauty, but fell because of pride. He seduced humanity into the†¦show more content†¦Lucifer s name was changed to Satan, and his angels are known as demons. Throughout Milton’s Paradise Lost, Satan is shown in a different perspective. Satan is in hell, reminiscing of the days in heaven. He is formulating a new way to redeem himself, but also is accepting his fate. He accepts that he has done wrong by God, but he also accepts that he has wronged himself. Satan’s revolution caused him to lose the luxury of heaven. Milton seems to pity Satan in Paradise Lost, saying such quotes as, â€Å"1:254-255 The mind is its own place, and in itself // Can make a heav’n of hell, a hell of heav’n.† (Milton, 1. 254-5) Satan seems to accept the consequences for his actions, but knows that the damnation he faces will never compare to what was heaven; heaven is where he experienced true happiness. This is also evident when he first appears in Eden; Satan is jealous of Adam and Eve and envies their lives for living in such a place. Eden reminded Satan of Heaven. Milton introduces it is truly not Satan’s fault for the way he is, but rather Gods. Milton writes, â€Å"The first sort by their own suggestions fell, // Self-tempted, self-depraved: man falls deceived // By the other first: man therefore shall find grace, // The other none.† (Milton 3. 129-132) According to Milton, God created the Angels to have free will; which resulted in the decision for Satan to revolt from God. Had created the angels without freewill, it would have been to change theirShow MoreRelatedParadise Losts Satan and The Grand Inquisitors Evil783 Words   |  4 Pagesdescribes the fallen angel Satan and the fall of man. The Grand Inquisitor by Fyodor Dostoevsky is about an archbishop who talks with Jesus and wants to burn him as a heretic. Paradise Lost and The Grand Inquisitor both discuss free will and the stories of two benevolent characters that use their free will to choose evil. In Paradise Lost and The Grand Inquisitor, the main characters Satan a nd the Grand Inquisitor are evil because they use free will to choose evil over good. Satan and the Grand InquisitorRead MoreJohn Milton: A View of Evil vs. Ignorance Essay797 Words   |  4 PagesWhen a person hears Satan, a streak of fear, and the thought of evil arises. People fear Satan, and think of him as evil, but in John Milton’s Paradise Lost, he displays a thought of the Father being the evil being, and Satan a tragic hero. In Paradise Lost, Book 1 and 2, the minor areas where God is shown, He is displayed as hypocritical. He contradicts himself by creating the humans to be of free will, but when Satan displays free will, he is shunned. Satan could be described in many terms, andRead MoreDistinguishing Between Bad and Evil1000 Words   |  4 PagesDistinguishing Between Bad and Evil John Milton’s works Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and A Masque Presented at Ludlow Castle all have antagonists that are Milton’s representations of evil. 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The tragic flaws of Satan are too prominent and effectual to call him an epic hero, but rather these flaws, or evil characteristicsRead MoreThe Role of Iago in William Shakespeare’s Othello Essay1242 Words   |  5 PagesOthello would not be one without an evil catalyst named Iago. He is a standard-bearer, or an â€Å"ancient† to the tragic hero Othello, who was a Moorish general in a Venetian army. In the play, Iago is the Satanic figure in whatever the word evil connotes. The word â€Å"evil† means that of which is morally bad or wrong, or that which causes harm, pain, or misery (Popkin, par. 1). There are several traits or characteristics that are common to both Iago and Satan. According Professor William Grace

Essay on Acceptance and Diversity free essay sample

Diversity and Acceptance in this Generation In this generation, everyone is about acceptance and diversity. They’re about helping others find cures. They’re about finding diversity in communities and learning about acceptance. We are all of those things, but our parents, well, they’re a different story. It can affect the children of this generation when it comes to their preferences, referring to interracial dating, gays, lesbians, bisexuals, etc. Because there are so many teens out there that are bullied and feel alone because they don’t date the â€Å"ideal† race or sex. Who’s to say we can’t? They try to bring God into the equation. Well, god put us all here didn’t he? Who’s to say that’s part of his plan, for his sons and daughters to find acceptance with each other, in ways not thought possible? Diversity: the condition of having or being composed of differing elements: variety; especially: the inclusion of different types of people (as people of different races or cultures) in a group or organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Acceptance and Diversity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We are all diverse. We come in different shapes, sizes, and colors. We should be able to love who loves us back at the same capacity, who cares the most about us, and who can do the most for us, with us being able to do all the same for them. Whether it be the same sex, a different race, someone taller, someone fluffier, etc. With the population growing to such large masses, there is definitely going to be diversity. It should be greatly expected. Unfortunately, people are acting like they’re not prepared. For example, Chik-fil-a, a booming restaurant with great food and a big chain, has said they don’t support gay marriage. By saying that, people can now assume that anyone who eats there has the same opinion. That’s astonishing isn’t it? How one person can state their opinion towards such a strong war and it affects anyone and everyone who eats there. Have these people not heard of hate crimes? What if a person that preferred the same sex decided one day, that they want to shoot everyone in a local chik-fil-a just because they can assume that all those people are against gays? All those people that were just EATING are now victims of a hate crime because some idiot can’t accept others. Acceptance: a persons assent to the reality of a situation, recognizing a process or condition (often a negative or uncomfortable situation) without attempting to change it, protest, or exit. The concept is close in meaning to acquiescence, derived from the Latin acquiescere (to find rest in). I believe that anyone in this world should be able to walk down the street with their loved ones and not have to worry about getting treated differently than everyone else. For example, my boyfriend is mixed and I am white. We wanted to go on date, right? We were going to go on a picnic at a local park. I have never seen my mom more worried. What was she worried about, you may wonder? She was worried someone would see us, no one in-particular, just someone who doesn’t accept our diversity. She was worried they would find a little more anger in the fact we were accepting that we weren’t the same color, but we still can love just as much as two white people or two black people. I think that’s crazy that I can’t go into public with him without my mom worrying about the looks we’ll get or the stares or the whispers. You may wonder, why would I put myself in that position, to be treated like that? My answer; because no matter who you are, what you look like, or the skin god put you in, you still have something in common with everyone else: you’re a human being. You feel love, hate, anger, and sadness. You’re permitted to love and be loved back by whoever god created just for you, whether they be black, white, hispanic, indian, japanese, fat, skinny, tall, short, a brunette or a blonde, boy or girl. To possess the ability to accept anyone for whatever they may be, I believe, is the most power any human being walking on this earth can possess, and with that, you have acceptance of diversity.

The Market Segmentation

Question: How to analyze the market segmentation? Explain. Answer: Introduction The aim of this essay is to understand and analyze the market segmentation, its characteristics. In this paper the target segment is the working women and the product chosen is the LOreal lipstick. This paper also discusses about the marketing mix and how the marketing mix reflects characteristics of the segment and the product chosen. A: Market Segmentation Segmentation splits the different buyers into clusters to make the best utilization of a firms predetermined resources through consumer based marketing. If market segmentation is not done, then it would be difficult to find whom to sell and what to sell (Wedel and Kamakura 2000). Market segmentation means to divide the potential customers into different categories and groups who have similar preferences and purchasing patterns. Whereas Mass marketing means the same product is offered to the entire market (Awan 2014). The focus of the business is on getting better returns by targeting the specific customers by exactly understanding their wants. It is easier and more profitable to build and promote exact and tailored products. The new trend is target selling and to position in the market to create potential customers, and this lead to a generation of new ideas for innovation of new products and services and in turn the companies can increase their profits. Segmenting generates additional prospects for business augmentation. It also enables retaining the customers (Weinstein and Johnson 2016). Market segmentation is a flexible proposition. The following are the market segmentation strategies: Geographic, Demographic, Psychographic and, Behavioral. Marketers need to differentiate segmentation based on varying demographics, lifestyles, values and expectations of women and this paper targets the working women (Alves and Roberts 2012). Segmentation has its limitations if not employed properly. As segmen ts are very small this can lead to a small turnover. Target Segment Woman decision makers contribute to of the consumer base and LOreal lipsticks focus on all age group of women in the corporate/working women. As being presentable at work, amongst friends and peers is very significant and they are the target customers who use the beauty products and Lipstick being one of them (Wu et al. 2015). This segment is the decision maker and also has the purchasing power, brand conscious and belong to the upper middle class and above. LOreal lipsticks market their product based on the demographic segmentation- working women and psychographic segmentation- where it tries to change the thought process of an average looking woman, where she can look even more beautiful by applying the lipstick and enhancing the looks. LOreal reiterates the fact through its endorsements of lipsticks and other beauty products that women are worth it. Working women is the new female consumer, and they account for almost 85% of all the customer purchases which include everything autos to healthcare, consumer durables and other services. As per a study based on a website She-conomy.com, women control over 20$ Trillion in worldwide expenditure. This target segment is well educated, internet savvy, financially independent and always on the go (PreoÃ…Â £iuc-Pietro et al. 2015). There are a lot of key trends which are driving the working women population and their buying patterns and some of the important points which should be considered when making key business decisions when targeting this segment are: women labor force has increased exponentially across the globe. Women also prefer to marry at an older age or even prefer to stay single and also choose to have fewer children. The working class women have a multiplier result as they buy things not only for themselves however also on behalf of the family and friends (Randive 1975). Working women are more aware of the trends in the market and also the source of ideas of innovation of new products and services. Example, a working woman needs to look fresh throughout the day at the office, hence the businesses might come up with products as deodorants, stay on lipsticks, minimal touch makeup products depending on needs generated by this segment. The working class women are those who could be even part time worker, freelancers, entrepreneurs and those who prefer to work from home to better manage and balance child care and the job. They are contributing to the household income and sharing responsibilities. The marketers believe that women are different, however there is a need for a profound understanding of how and why the selected target segment is different. Womens purchasing decisions and behavior are also influenced by the celebrity endorsement and their red carpet looks and the desire to ape them. The impact of social media is also playing an important role in the purchasing behavior of the target segment like the Facebook and Instagram. Companies are also using social media to promote and place their products by asking users to download the shopping to purchase. The customer especially the target segment now has financial freedom unlike the previous generations, are tempted to shop online anytime and anywhere they feel like (Cao, Meister and Klante 2014). The online sales have tempting offers and discounts for different occasions, easy return policies and better customer services which make it easier for working women to shop with a group of friends at a coffee shop, at the workplace during breaks or while they may feel lonely. Retail therapy has become latest alternative to get over relief from the broken relationships or celebrating an event. Marketing Mix Marketing Mix is a simple marketing tool which used is design the marketing strategies. It is the premeditated mix of the controllableessentialsof aproduct'spromotion strategycommonly termed as 4Ps: product,place, andpromotion. The four elements are tuned until therightamalgamation found thatcaterstheneedsof the product'sconsumers while generatingmost favorablereturns (Belz and Peattie 2012). The origin of marketing mix started in the late 1940, and E. Jerome McCarthy was the marketer who first developed the theories of the marketing mix. By 1990 the marketing mix definition became 4Cs. The four Cs differ, however, are based on either Lauterborns concept (consumer, cost, communication, convenience) or Shimizus theory (commodity, cost, communication, and channel). The latest new theory that has been proposed is people, processes, programs, and performance. Consumer satisfaction, value for money and product quality are the central to the success of the company and marketing mix interfu ses these essential elements to come up with the best outcomes, and these four elements are the product, place, price and promotion (Assadi and Hudson 2010). The first P: Product is the goods or services that business offers to its consumers/customers for sale for the target market. Product development and designing should consider the target customer, the quality, packaging, after sales service. There is should extreme clarity on what is being sold and to whom it is being sold. The four Ps of Marketing may appear uncomplicated however they can be tricky too. There is a need for a excellent research and a sound knowledge of the market and the target audience before the merchandise is ready to sell. LOreal is one of the topcosmeticscompany in the world, and it believes that depending upon the womans position in the society or at work, and social mobility, her assumption of beauty and appearance can immensely vary.If a lady can establish a career and must uphold expectations of the societys class and sophistication, there is higher precedence and approval for what the cosmetics business can offer and LOreal Lipsticks targets on this assumpt ion of the working woman. Hence they have come up lipsticks with tags as 9 to 5 for working class launched in different shades and textures such as matte, crme, and shades which suit the office environment, which is travel friendly packing and shades that last all day long like lipstick crayons which can slip into trouser pocket, multiple shades in a small box, twin shades in a single packaging and so many tempting shades to suit to different occasion and target segment is convinced to own each one of it (Bristow, Gulati and Schneider 2013). The second P: Place means the way the product is distributed and delivered to the end customer and the distribution methods adopted. The place may be the where the business is conducted for the product or where the product is manufactured or it can retail stores, malls, online shopping portals like Amazon, EBay, LOreals online shopping portal. It is necessary that the company identifies with the strategy for the positioning. The business needs to make it work, even if it means seeing through the haze of marketers who plan to create confusion up the psyche of customers. The product should be easily available, and it should be on top of the mind of the customer every time they think of the product, and there should be a catchphrase of the brand and product which is simple, intelligent and effortless to recall. Understanding the target segment: working women, thoroughly and the business can discover the most competent positioning and distribution paths that directly converse with the ta rget segment. Some of the points which help devising the distribution strategy are: what are working women looking for in the product and the kind of services they are looking for, example, the demonstration on the usage of the product on delivery, a survey to find the places where the target customer enjoys making her purchase and what are the distribution strategies adopted by the competitors and main differentiator, is there a requirement of a strong sales force, attending trade fairs etc. The third P: Price of the product and the how much is the customer willing to pay and whether the customer has required purchasing power. The following factors should be considered while pricing, the cost of manufacture distribution, promotion expenses and the need to determine whether these costs are variable or fixed to arrive at the genuine price of the product (Sonderegger, 2011). Branding is innately a sensitive part, if a business is new to the market and has not yet made a name for it, is unlikely that the target market is ready to pay the high price. However, LOreal has been very careful regarding pricing of its lipsticks. For the working class, it has designed lipsticks in different categories, for example, if a particular range of matte lipsticks priced at $10, then they have a similar product in a lesser weight in different packaging at $5 as well. LOreal has designed their lipsticks and priced in such a way that each and every customer in the target segment whether the lo w-income working women or the higher income, there is a range of products which are lucrative and appropriately priced for all and none are disappointed. Pricing should also factor in the taxes and the budgets of the customers. The fourth P: Promotion is all about the communicating with the target segment the working women about the all the benefits and values they would gain on purchasing the product. The different methods or promoting a product are direct marketing, sales promotion, advertisement and personal selling to lure and influence the customers. LOreal has chosen celebrity endorsement for lipsticks in different countries like Blake Lively, Eva Longoria, Julianne More, Jennifer Lopez to name few and whom the working class women look up to as role models. There is a need to motivate the target segment constantly for the business promotion and try to put themselves in the shoes of the working woman to find out how they view their products and business. The budget assigned to the marketing mix, the stage of the product cycle and how the promotions can be used are key aspects which can be used to position the product in the target segment. The fundamental aspects which affect the market segmentation ar e the clear recognition of the segment, the measurability of its effective size and ease of access through promotional efforts (Yoo 2016). Marketing mix has been impacted by the internet due to the new era of marketing strategies in e-commerce (Dominici 2009). The 4Ps of the marketing mix, product, price, place and promotions are also applicable offline as well as online businesses. E-commerce brings fresh concerns which the business must need to consider and start being innovative and re-evaluate about the existing marketing mix as the new technology present new products and new placing or distribution options and latest pricing strategies and consumers have the option of comparing with the best price according to his budget. The Segmentation can be done based on the marketing mix of an organization (Richardson, Gosnay and Carroll 2010). Conclusion To conclude that market segmentation and target marketing is extremely vital for higher success and customer satisfaction. In the paper, it has been observed that women drive at least 70% of purchasing either directly purchasing or through influencing. There is an enormous opportunity still to attract to women working class segment with innovative design strategies with the right marketing. The influence from customers side is forever significant and should be respected to calculate potential prospective markets and risks. There are lots surveys, publications available online to understand the market segmentation and strategizing a suitable marketing mix for the target segment (Constantinides 2006). References Alves, A. and Roberts, E. (2012). Rosie the Riveter's Job Market: Advertising for Women Workers in World War II Los Angeles.Labor Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas, 9(3), pp.53-68. Assadi, D. and Hudson, M. (2010). Marketing-Mix of Online Social Lending Websites.Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations, 8(3), pp.15-25. Awan, M. (2014). International Market Segmentation: Exploring Cell Phone Market of Young Adults.International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 5(2), pp.151-154. Belz, F. and Peattie, K. (2012).Sustainability marketing. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Bristow, D., Gulati, R. and Schneider, K. (2013). What Do College Students, Young Families, and Empty Nesters Want in a Car? A Market Segmentation and Marketing Mix Project for Introduction to Marketing Students.Marketing Education Review, 23(1), pp.43-48. Cao, P., Meister, S. and Klante, O. (2014). How Social Media Influence Apparel Purchasing Behavior.Mark Rev St. Gallen, 31(6), pp.77-86. Constantinides, E. (2006). The Marketing Mix Revisited: Towards the 21st Century Marketing.Journal of Marketing Management, 22(3-4), pp.407-438. Dominici, G. (2009). From Marketing Mix to e-Marketing Mix: a literature overview and classification.IJBM, 4(9). PreoÃ…Â £iuc-Pietro, D., Volkova, S., Lampos, V., Bachrach, Y. and Aletras, N. (2015). Studying User Income through Language, Behaviour and Affect in Social Media.PLOS ONE, 10(9), p.e0138717. Randive, V. (1975). Working-Class Women.Social Scientist, 4(4/5), p.146. Richardson, N., Gosnay, R. and Carroll, A. (2010).A quick start guide to social media marketing. London: Kogan Page. SONDEREGGER, S. (2011). MARKET SEGMENTATION WITH NONLINEAR PRICING*.The Journal of Industrial Economics, 59(1), pp.38-62. Wedel, M. and Kamakura, W. (2000).Market segmentation. Boston: Kluwer Academic. Weinstein, A. and Johnson, W. (2016). SEGMENTATION AND MARKET STRATEGY: QUALITATIVE INSIGHTS FROM B2B TECHNOLOGY EXECUTIVES.Journal of Marketing and Strategic Management, (10), pp.37-51. Wu, M., Chaney, I., Chen, C., Nguyen, B. and Melewar, T. (2015). Luxury fashion brands.Qualitative Mrkt Res: An Int J, 18(3), pp.298-319. Yoo, C. (2016). Effect of Trade Show Organizers Marketing-mix Strategy and Relation Marketing on Satisfaction and Trust.IJTHR, 30(3), p.185.

Acid Base Titration Lab Essays

Acid Base Titration Lab Essays Acid Base Titration Lab Essay Acid Base Titration Lab Essay The completion of a reaction can be seen by a change in color or when the pH remains constant. The equivalence point during titration is when both solutions are present in equal amounts. The end point of the titration is when the reaction has been completed, which is usually marked by a change in color. One researchable question relating to acid/base titration would be what strengths of acids and bases react with each other during titration, and what kind of solution woo a ten two teen Tort. Strong access Ana strong oases can react, Ana teen Tort a neutral solution. Strong acids and weak bases can react, and they form an acidic elution. Strong bases can also react with weak acids to form a basic solution. Errors Improvements Adding Noah too quickly. Add the Noah one drop at a time until the proper level has been reached. The data was not properly recorded. Keep track of each pH increase for each experiment as opposed to Just initial and spikes. Beret may have been contaminated since multiple classes used the same beret without cleaning it. Clean the beret before and after each period of experimentation in order to avoid contamination.

Technology Global Issues Essay Example

Technology Global Issues Essay Example Technology Global Issues Essay Technology Global Issues Essay Essay Topic: Global Issues Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Technology Global Issues A stem cell is an undeveloped cell that possesses the potential to become specialized into various types of cells throughout the body. Stem cell technology refers to the acquisition and development of undistinguished human cells into any or most of the 220 ranges of cells that occupy the human body. It is a rapidly emergent field that merges the attempts of cell biologists, clinicians and geneticists and provides hope of valuable treatment for various malignant and non-malignant maladies (Panno, 25).Stem cell procedures and processes are usually applied in the provision of treatments for patients with life threatening illnesses such as lymphoma, blood disorders, and solid tumors and leukemia. The stem cell technology has been considerably applied in three main areas. One of the foremost areas to encounter the use of stem cell technology is the Adult Stem Cell Transplant. In this type of transplant, stem cells have been used in bone marrow transplants, whereby the stem cells in a pati ent’s bone marrow are substituted with healthy stem cells from a matching and healthy donor. The transplant becomes successful when the stem cells migrate into the bone marrow of the patient and start producing novel and healthy leukocytes to substitute the abnormal cells. Another area involves the use of Peripheral Blood Stem Cells (PBSC). Despite a considerable number of blood stem cells residing in the bone marrow, a few of them are also in the bloodstream. Thus, PBSCs can be acquired from blood making it simpler to collect than stem cells in the bone marrow. Stem cells have also been applied in Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cell Transplant. Conventionally, umbilical cords have been deemed unnecessary. Presently, blood drawn from the umbilical cord has been utilized in the treatment of similar health defects that require PBSCs and bone marrow stem cells (Panno, 67). Stem cell research also holds future possibilities in treatments. For instance, stem cells can be utilized in the testing of new medicines. For instance, new medications can be tested for safety on differentiate cells produced from cell lines such as cancer cell lines which can be used to test latent anti-tumor medicines. Stem cells can also be used in the generation of tissues and cells, which can be utilized for therapies that are cell based. Presently, donated tissues and organs are usually utilized to substitute destroyed or ailing tissue, but the need for organs and tissues that are transplantable offsets the accessible supply. Stem cells intended for differentiation into particular cell types avail the possibility of a restorable supply of substituting tissues and cells to treat ailments such as spinal cord injury, strokes, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, heart disease, Alzheimer’s disease, burns and osteoarthritis. For instance, it would be possible to produce healthy c ells in the heart muscle in the laboratory and subsequently transplant the cells in patients suffering from chronic heart disease. Stem cells can also lead to the treatment of baldness. This is because there are stem cells present in the hair follicles. It is believed that the stem cells in the follicles can help treat baldness by activating the progenitor cells and the stem cells existing in the scalp (Panno, 89). Regardless of the innovative and aiding treatments that arise from use of stem cells, ethical problems encompass the mode of treatment. The ethical problems are partly based on the derivation of the stem cells from the body. Usually, adult stem cells are derived or removed from tissues that possess less harmful effects on the person whereas embryonic stem cells are developed from embryos cultured in the laboratory. One of the ethical problems associate with stem cell treatment is its destruction of a fetus or an embryo. Ethically, this portrays the obliteration of a latent human being and clashes with the moral and religious views held in the society. Another chief and important ethical problem that encompasses the stem cell treatment is the combination of cloning technology and embryonic stem cells. This combination leads to the production of an embryo that is a hereditary double of the nucleus’ donor. The ethical problem is primarily based on the creation of an embryo for th erapeutic or research purposes and not for potential life. Moreover, the purpose of cloning is ethically problematic since it is mainly based on the production of tissues for transplantation while the generated embryo is permitted to continue developing leading to the potential birth of a human (Panno, 156-167). A biologically plausible mechanism portrays the relationship between a supposed cause and a result. The mechanism establishes a cause-and-effect relationship between the biological aspect and a specific disease or an unfavorable event. Generally, it is asserted that for a relationship to be deemed causal, the association between the biological aspect and the disease should be biologically consistent (United States, 21). For surely new advances, however, the biological plausibility may be unclear. Irrespective of this, biological plausibility remains relevant in the establishment of causality. Based on the cause-and-effect relationship, disease is assumed as a result generated from the interaction of the environment, the physical and genetic structure of the individual and the disease agent. Diseases resulting from sole causes are habitually so by definition. For instance, the reality that tuberculosis results from the Tubercle Bacillus is a matter of description. The causal basis of the association requires judgment in the case where there is biological implausibility. For instance, biological plausibility is unclear where smoking is asserted to be a direct cause of lung cancer. Hence, it is important to judge causality of lung cancer. Foremost, the supposed cause, smoking, precedes the disease, lung cancer. The incidence of the disease is raised when the person there is exposure to as much as 20 to 30 fold in smokers of 20 or more cigarettes each day. Moreover, varying exposure to smoking alternately leads to varying disease because of the clear relationship between smoking and lung cancer. This is because of the act of smoking which can lead to the introduction of numerous other diseases that are related apart fro smoking. However, there is association with the disease by smoking as indicated by the one of the major cause agents of lung cancer, smoking (United States, 78). Originally, smoking as a causal factor for lung cancer was bitterly contested. However, it has come to be accepted as a causal factor for the disease. Concerning lung cancer, the association is provable across social groups as well as men and women. The effect, lung cancer by smoking is partly understood since the tar in the cigarettes comprises vital carcinogens. Manipulating the exposure level does affect experience of the disease because lessening cigarette consumption reduces risk of the effect. Coaxing and encouraging individuals to take part in smoking is unethical since it increases the susceptibility to gaining lung cancer. Additionally, tobacco, which is one of the main ingredients in animals, is carcinogenic and can therefore affect human beings as well as animals negatively. Panno, Joseph. Stem Cell Research: Medical Applications and Ethical Controversy. New York, NY: Facts on File, 2005. Print. United States. How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease: a Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General, 2010. Print.

Prison Mental Health Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Prison Mental Health Services - Essay Example At mid-year 2005, more than half of all prison and jail inmates in the United States reported symptoms of a mental health problem within the last 12 months (James & Glaze, 2006).Among the state prison inmates nationwide, 43% reported symptoms that met criteria for mania, 23% reported symptoms of major depression, and 15% reported symptoms that met criteria for a psychotic disorder. (James & Glaze, 2006) Contributory factors to the higher prevalence rates of mental illness among individuals in prison include the criminalization of the mentally ill (Aderbigbe, 1977) and communication barriers between the criminal justice and mental health systems of care (Lamberti & Weisman, 2001). In addition, Satriano (2006) has described the social and contextual issues in the 1960's that were contributing factors to the imprisonment of seriously mentally ill persons, including deinstitutionalization of severely mentally ill persons in without adequate follow-up; rising levels of homelessness and substance abuse among mentally ill persons; and an anti-psychiatry movement led by Thomas Szasz and R. D. Lang who believed mental illness to be a myth and viewed psychosis to be a reactive response to a bad situation. Also, the criteria of dangerousness became necessary to involuntarily confine an individual, shifting the idea of commitment from a therapeutic concept to one that is protective of society. (Satriano, 2006) Most experts agree that the incarcerated population's mental health needs are grossly underprovided while they are incarcerated (Roskes et al., 1999). Mentally ill prisoners are more a risk for behavioral disturbances, acts of aggression, and disciplinary problems than non-mentally inmates (Rowen & Hayes, 1995). Untreated psychiatric symptoms are associated with assaults, self-injurious behavior, social withdrawal, and suicides within correctional facilities. (Hayes, 1995) The Supreme Court (Estelle vs. Gamble, 1976) established that it is unconstitutional under the eighth amendment to show indifference to the medical needs of prisoners. In Browning vs. Godwin (1977) it was determined that the right to medical treatment is not distinguishable from the right of mental health treatment. The American Psychiatric Association (2000) and the National Commission on Correctional Health Care (1999) recommend mental health screening at the time of prison intake. The efficacy of treatment for the disease of interest should be established before a standardized prison-based screening program is considered. Early treatment with psychotropic medication is critical to the successful treatment of patients with serious psychiatric disorders. In the disease of schizophrenia, for example, the recognition of early phase illness and vigorous treatment aimed at relapse prevention may improve long term prognosis (Keks, Mazumdar, & Shields, 2000). Specifically, early intervention with antipsychotic medications decreases the long term morbidity of schizophrenia (Wyatt, Damiani, & Henter, 1998) and leads to a 2.5 to 10-fold reduction in relapse rates among those given maintenance treatment with anti-psychotic medication (Davis, 1985). Other studies have shown that detection, treatment and symptom control improves rehabilitation outcomes and self-efficacy

Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 19

Personal Statement Example in Taxation. Another factor that builds on my capacity for an opportunity to pursue this program is the experience I have gathered working as a consultant for Tailite Chemical & Plastic Limited Company. I have gained knowledge pertaining to legal issues of investing in the Midwest states and in the United States and have encountered issues of taxation. This would help me identify with some of the content that I will be taught in my LL.M. in Taxation classes. This would be an added advantage for me because I will be familiar with elements of taxation (Mooih et al 2003, 513). Research assignments that I will be required to tackle while pursuing the program will benefit from the experience I got while on an internship in Direct2supplier Corporation. While on this internship, I learned how to conduct research and interact, meaningfully, with research results. My service with Akzo Nobel (Asia) Co., Ltd also equipped me with a chance to conduct research inclined to legal issues. Roles and duties that I have assumed in different companies that I have worked for in the past have also taught me the prudence that I will use when going about my studies (Mooih et al 2003, 514). This program is the right one for me because it will enhance my practice as a consultant for Chinese companies that want to start businesses in the United States. Currently, I am working with a company that provides companies with the information they need to launch into overseas markets and the trend is that the companies interested in expanding their businesses abroad are increasing by the day. This has motivated me into studying LL.M. Taxation program from the United States. This way, a faculty that has experience in the country’s taxation practices (Mooih et al 2003, 515) will teach me. While working, I have interacted with people from diverse cultural backgrounds and I will ease adapting to the diverse cultural

A Position Paper for the Enhancement of the Strategic Ability of Air Essay

A Position Paper for the Enhancement of the Strategic Ability of Air Asia - Essay Example Following sections presents the strategies and the enhancement proposed accordingly. 1. Air Asia to control its costs and source of funding for purchase of new fleet of aircrafts. Increase of fleets’ strategy. Air Asia wants to continue to be the lowest cost short-haul airline in every market it goes in. In considering this vision, the action required is significant investment in aircrafts, distribution channels, production capacity and working capital. In this situation, there is a need to determine first if Air Asia has the capability to raise funds and its financial worth. Financial resources. Financial worth of Air Asia as of 2009 shows current net assets of RM 511,284 million which is an improvement from its RM 263,085 million current net assets in 2008. It has the ability to raise funds from creditors and shareholder, its debt/equity ratio is 2.61 and a net profit margin of 16.2%. A debt equity ratio is a measure of the company’s financial leverage and indicates w hat proportion of debt and equity the company is using to finance its assets. A high debt ratio means that the company is using a lot of debt in financing its assets as in the case of Air Asia. However, in further analysis, capital intensive industry generally has a high debt ratio of 2 (Investopedia, n.d.) Air Asia has a net cash flow of RM598million, equivalent to $181.2 million (Air Asia.com). Air Asia reports of 21.1% profit after tax margin in Malaysia, 1.8% profit after tax margin in Thailand and 17% profit after tax margin in Indonesia (Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation, 2010). Chart 1 shows the EBITDAR margin and profit after tax margin in 2Q2010 for year 2010l. It will be noted that after deducting... The study analyzed the strategies used in each strategy of Air Asia, had seen its strength as well as weakness in achieving targets. On this, proposals for enhancement have been recommended. On the first position that requires funding for purchase of additional new aircrafts for new routes and replacement of old ones, recommendation is to get funding from long term debt because of tax advantages. Getting funds from outside sources will save the cash flows for internal operations of the company. Second position pertains to inventory management that will require management to maintain an RFID technology along with a perpetual inventory system that will track inventory and supplies of the airline company in its various segments. The third position calls for a study on the cost saving realized by the on line system of booking to properly explain to stakeholders the benefit of the strategy and to outline further enhancements. The fourth proposition is a recommendation for promotions and a dvertising to attract more customers in order to maximize use of airline capacity. The fifth position is the continuous training and skills development of employees as airline business is dependent on skills of employees particularly in aircraft flying and maintenance. This paper makes a conclusion that a position is presented that needs government approval for a patent to protect brand image of Air Asia as the lowest cost airline carrier in the region.

Treating Long Head of Biceps (LHB) Pathology

Treating Long Head of Biceps (LHB) Pathology Abstract Background Clinical examination of the shoulder joint has gained attention in recent years as clinicians aim to practice with an evidence-based and accurate clinical examination of the biceps tendon. There is an increased desire for proper diagnosis while simultaneously minimizing costly imaging procedures and unnecessary procedures. Thus, the purpose of this study is to create a decision tree analysis that enables the development of a clinical algorithm for diagnosing and subsequently treating long head of biceps (LHB) pathology. Methods A literature review of level one and two diagnostic studies was conducted to extract characteristics of clinical tests for LHB pathology through a systematic review of Pubmed, Medline, Ovid and Cochrane Review databases. Tests were combined in series and parallel to determine final sensitivities and specificities, and positive and negative likelihood ratios were determined for each combination using a subjective pre-test probability. The gold-standard for diagnosis in all studies included was arthroscopy or arthrotomy. Results Seven studies regarding LHB clinical diagnostic testing met inclusion criteria. The optimal testing modality was use of the uppercut test combined with the tenderness to palpation of the biceps tendon test. This combination achieved a sensitivity of 88.4% when performed in parallel and a specificity of 93.8% when performed in series. These tests used in combination optimize post-test probability accuracy greater than any single individual test; adding a third test decreases accuracy. Conclusion Performing the uppercut test and biceps groove tenderness to palpation test together has the highest sensitivity and specificity of known physical examinations maneuvers to aid in the diagnosis of long head of the biceps pathology as compared to diagnostic arthroscopy (The PEC exam). A decision tree analysis aides in the PEC exam diagnostic accuracy post testing based on the ordinal scale pre-test probability. A quick reference guide is provided to use in the clinical setting. Level of Evidence: II Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Key Words: biceps tendon; long head; physical examination; pathology; diagnosis; shoulder examination Introduction The physical examination is a requisite and inexpensive component to medical diagnosis. The shoulder examination, in particular, encompasses a myriad of special provocative maneuvers, displaying a wide range of sensitivities and specificities pertaining to diagnostic accuracy. Accurate understanding from the correct sequence of maneuvers or tests increases diagnostic yield. In the modern era, clinical diagnosis heavily relies on imaging modalities including ultrasound (US), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), arthrography, and arthroscopy to diagnose shoulder pathology21,33. Current gold standard diagnostic testing options have limitations. MRI has poor statistical characteristics for diagnostic accuracy as it very reader and technician dependent, adds both direct and indirect costs, and may be less accurate than the physical exam37. Diagnostic arthroscopy is successful in diagnosing intra-articular pathology, but is limited in visualization for extra-articular pathology, is costly, and increases patient risk37. Increased use of diagnostic imaging contributes to rising health care costs14,30,32,38. According to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), diagnostic imaging costs are significant, accounting for up to 40% of overall healthcare expenditure increases over the past 10 years25. Advanced imaging techniques res ult in not only higher direct costs, but may increase indirect costs and jeopardize outcomes36,39. As the healthcare landscape transitions to cost minimization and value-based healthcare delivery, the development of an efficient, cost-effective, shoulder examination is desired. Shoulder examinations have poor sensitivity and/or specificity that makes diagnosing certain pathologies difficult4,28,30,33. Thus, evaluating the long head of the biceps brachii tendon (LHB) pathology with high-yield examination maneuvers can aid physicians through increasing the accuracy of shoulder diagnoses and aid in surgical decision making. Previously published studies focused on the following questions: whether physical examination special tests correlate with surgical findings; whether imaging correlates with surgical findings; and whether physical exam tests are accurate enough to diagnose pathology effectively5,9,10,26,28,29,33. Currently, there is a need to develop new algorithms to provide shoulder practitioners with a practical but comprehensive evidence-based approach to diagnose LHB pathology during an office visit and to further reduce the need for diagnostic imaging20,22,34. The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review and a secondary sensitivity analysis based on pre-formed likelihood scenarios based on the history of present illness (HPI) past medical history (PMH), and epidemiology to provide clinicians a practical, evidence-based clinical (P.E.C) physical examination algorithm to accurately diagnose patients with LHB pathology. Specific objectives were to: compile the peak performing physical exam tests extracted from level I and II studies within the English literature; synthesizing the most accurate test combination; develop a clinical algorithm to provide quantify LHB diagnostic accuracy; and create a diagnostic accuracy reference guide. Materials and Methods A systematic literature review with the terms proximal, biceps, clinical and examination in the Medline database through the Pubmed, Medline, Ovid and Cochrane Review databases was completed in May 2015. The searches included the use of Boolean operators such as AND and OR. The databases were scrutinized independently by three authors. Inclusion criteria included studies that were focused on physical examination tests and compared to the diagnostic gold standard from Level I and II studies published in scientific journals. Exclusion criteria were: non-English, non-full text, level III of evidence or lower, related to superior labrum anterior to posterior (SLAP) lesions, investigated rheumatoid arthritis patients, or did not compare tests to a validated gold standard. The validated gold standard utilized for all studies and systematic reviews included were diagnostic arthroscopy or arthrotomy to confirm anatomical findings. Relevant studies were independently assessed, and conflicting studies were included only if there were consensus amongst the authors. References of included studies were additionally evaluated to identify additional articles for inclusion. Applicable data was extracted by reverse calculation where the information desired was not directly stated. Using PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews (Fig. 1), our original search retrieved 2,086 studies from Pubmed, Medline, Ovid and Cochrane Review databases. Twenty-eight additional records were included through a review of references from each article included in the systematic review. After duplicates were removed, the initial search yielded 2,112 studies. Subsequently, 1,689 studies were removed for irrelevant titles or abstracts, and an additional 362 were excluded because they were not in English. Lastly, the remaining 63 articles were assessed for eligibility; 14 were excluded for non-full text, 22 were excluded for not being level I or II study, and 18 were excluded for non-relevant data. The data extracted was summarized and analyzed according to the statistical methods described by Eusebi et al. focusing on test specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value12. Next, clinical tests were combined to assess improved diagnostic accuracy. The clinical tests were applied both in parallel and in series. The first approach in parallel analysis, consists of two special tests performed in theory at approximately the same time. The parallel analysis can interpret the findings in an and or or technique. When a parallel analysis is performed in an or technique, the overall sensitivity of the two tests is greater than the sensitivity of either special test alone. This parallel analysis allows for two opportunities to observe the potential pathology. If both tests are negative then it is considered a negative finding in the algorithm and rule out the pathology, but if just one of the two special tests is positive then it is not considered a negative result in parallel analysis. The second approach in series analysis, consists of two special tests performed; however, the overall negative or positive finding depends on the outcomes of both special tests. By utilizing two special tests in an and technique in series, the specificity for both tests is higher than for either test alone. If both special tests are positive, then it is considered a positive result. If either special test is negative, then the in series analysis cannot be considered a positive result. In order to calculate the post-test diagnostic probability of LHB diagnosis, we performed calculations for each test with four pre-test probability options. Pre-test probability is defined as the probability of a patient having the target disorder before a diagnostic test result is known. Therefore, pre-test probability is based on patient history, subjective complaints, epidemiologic probability and the medical opinion of the provider ordering the test. The ordinal scale created has four different probabilities: very unlikely 0.2 (20%); unlikely 0.4 (40%); likely 0.6 (60%); and very likely 0.8 (80%). The physical exam test combination with the optimal test performance was identified (named the PEC exam). A decision tree analysis was developed to determine the PEC exam diagnostic accuracy post testing based on the ordinal scale pre-test probability. A table was created as a simple reference guide to use in the clinical setting. Results The initial electronic database search retrieved 2,112 unique articles, with 28 obtained from a manual search of reference lists. Of these, 2051 studies were found unrelated to the topic of interest based titles and abstract review, resulting in 63 full-text articles evaluated according to selection criteria. Fifty-four articles were excluded for the following: full-text unavailable (N=14), not a Level I/II study (N=22), and irrelevant data after full-text review (N=18). Seven relevant (N = 7) articles were identified through the systematic review and scrutinized (Supplementary Table S1). From the reviewed articles, special tests and modalities evaluated included Speeds, Yergasons, bicipital groove tenderness, uppercut, bear hug, belly press, OBriens, and anesthetic injection. Statistical characteristics for each test are documented in (Supplementary Table S2). The bear hug and uppercut special tests demonstrated the highest sensitivity for the physical examination special maneuvers (79%, 73% respectively), whereas the belly press and Yergasons tests demonstrated the lower spectrum of sensitivity (31%, 41% respectively). The belly press and OBriens special tests demonstrated the highest special test specificities (85%, 84% respectively), whereas the bear hug and bicipital groove tenderness tests showed the lowest specificities (60%, 72% respectively). Diagnostic ultrasound, used as a reference and also included to study as a potential application for in-office point of service testing, demonstrated the highest sensitivity and specificity of all statistical characteris tics revealed through the review (Sensitivity 88%, Specificity 98%). In series and in parallel assessments determined two physical exam tests improved test performance over any single test. Performing more than two physical examination tests decreased diagnostic accuracy. The uppercut test combined with the tenderness to palpation of the LHB test provided the highest physical examination accuracy for diagnosing pathology at the proximal biceps. This combination has a parallel testing sensitivity of 88.3% and a series specificity of 93.3%. We characterize this as the PEC exam. Additional combinations, including diagnostic ultrasound, are reported in (Supplementary Table S3). The uppercut test and diagnostic ultrasound in parallel revealed the highest sensitivity (97%). Each of the Speeds, Yergasons and upper cut tests paired with diagnostic ultrasound all achieved the highest specificity (100%). A decision tree analysis aides in the PEC exam diagnostic accuracy post testing based on the ordinal scale pre-test probability (Fig. 2). A quick reference guide is provided to use in the clinical setting (Fig. 3). Discussion LHB pathology is an increasingly recognized generator of shoulder pain and functional impairment in symptomatic patients. Physicians are faced with diagnostic challenges due to non-specific clinical presentations and lack of direction based on physical exam findings. As such, the purpose of this study was to perform a decision-tree analysis to create a clinical algorithm to diagnose biceps pathology with increased accuracy compared to previously reported diagnostic examinations 8,11,15-17,19,22,24. This was achieved by conducting a systematic literature review including only level I and II studies. Special test sensitivities and specificities were combined in series and parallel. Analysis showed that the uppercut test combined with tenderness to palpation of the LHB within the bicipital groove provided the highest accuracy physical exam tests for diagnosing pathology at the proximal biceps. Application of this PEC exam, coupled with pre-test probability assignments can now provide cl inicians diagnostic confidence in the office. In equivocal cases, point of care ultrasound examination can further improve diagnostic accuracy2,31. Applying the PEC algorithm provides a simple, efficient and reproducible physical examination protocol for shoulder clinicians yielding an accurate diagnosis in the clinic. Now, with the calculated accuracy reference guide available, a clinician may rely on the office-based diagnosis with improved certainty and may consider forgoing advanced imaging, thereby avoiding additional cost, treatment delays and possible patient risk. In order to cover an array of clinical scenarios, we used a pretest probability range of 20-80% at 20% increments according to the likelihood of pathology. After addressing the disease prevalence, HPI and PMH, the pre-test probability likelihood of long head bicep pathology was appointed. If the pre-test probability was above 90% or below 10%, we then assume there is no need to perform additional testing with acceptance of a 10% error rate. Combination of physical examination techniques demonstrated that the uppercut test combined with tenderness to palpation of the LHB provided the highest accuracy for diagnosing pathology at the proximal biceps. This combination has a parallel testing sensitivity of 88.3% and a series specificity of 93.3% (Supplementary Table S3). The values of the test used in series and in parallel were definitive and overpowered the value of the pre-test probability assessment in many clinical scenarios. This adds credibility to a reproducible, simplified two-step P.E.C. examination without the need for additional maneuvers to be performed. Furthermore, we feel that the application of the PEC test is generalizable to non-shoulder specialists, facilitating both increased utilization and diagnostic accuracy of LHB disease. Many studies have explored the accuracy of physical examination and special test maneuvers in diagnosing LHB pathology with limited conclusions regarding its efficiency18,22,23,37. However, our study is unique in that it additionally produces a diagnostic tool, both enabling accurate point of care diagnosis of LHB injury and minimizing the need for advanced imaging. The value of the P.E.C. examination corroborates with current clinical recommendations. In 2009, Churgay et al. stated that bicipital groove point tenderness is the most common isolated finding during physical examination of patients with biceps tendinitis, and that ultrasonography is the best modality for evaluating isolated biceps tendinopathy extra-articularly3,6. With regards to diagnostic accuracy and fluidity of exam, our study revealed that the best maneuver combination for diagnosing biceps pathology are the uppercut test and tenderness to palpation. Incidentally, our study has also concluded that use of ultrasound after equivocal physical examination findings improves the sensitivity and specificity of all evaluated test combinations. Unlike past studies, we incorporated a diagnostic algorithm to aid efficient shoulder examination and to increase physician confidence in biceps tendon diagnosis. In addition to enhancing diagnostic accuracy, development of a value-based clinical decision pathway may play a small, but essential role in the improvement of the current state of the healthcare system. High-yield, algorithm-derived examination like our proposed sequence further alleviate the number of follow-up visits needed until diagnosis, which often delay expedient care delivery35,39. Moreover, simplified diagnostic algorithms may also result in cost reduction and decreased iatrogenic injury associated with unnecessary advanced imaging studies. A shoulder examination that provides accurate diagnosis provides multiple advantages that benefits both physicians and the healthcare system with the ultimate goal of improving patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that clinical decisions should be tailored to patient clinical presentation, and that MRI may be a more appropriate diagnostic modality for surgical candidates or patients with inconclusive preliminary workup. These findings provide evidence towards the current trend in orthopedic surgery education as more national conferences and residency programs are increasing musculoskeletal ultrasound (US) courses incorporated into their curriculums. Accordingly, the American Medical Association for Sports Medicine has endorsed increased integration of sports US into sports medicine fellowship curriculums13. Studies have proposed that proficient level diagnostic skills may be quickly obtained by the inexperienced orthopedist with an established examination protocol1. Murphy et al. conducted a study investigating diagnostic improvement in four orthopedic surgeons who attended a formal training course to identify and size tears on the rotator cuff through US. In the later training period, results showed positive predictive value improving by 16%27. An additional study by Roy and colleagues also demonstrated improved diagnostic accuracy of US irrespective of whether a trained radiologist, sonographer or orthopedic surgeon operated the device32. US requires further studies to evaluate its cost effectiveness compared to advanced imaging techniques like MRI or arthroscopy, but an algorithm(Fig. 3) may provide a simple evidence-based decision analysis for physicians to rely on when considering LHB as the major source of pain. This study, however, also has its limitations. Foremost, a majority of the studies included in our data collection did not solely focus on LHB pathology. True positives may have included superior labrum, anterior to posterior (SLAP) lesions within the diagnosis of biceps pathology. Studies may have also incorporated biceps pathology into other diagnostic categories (e.g. impingement). Therefore, it was difficult to find studies which solely focused on diagnostic accuracy of LHB pathology. Additionally, only level I or II studies were considered for diagnosis, which routinely compare diagnostic testing algorithm (DTA) to the gold standard of diagnosis. Unfortunately, there is no clearly defined arthroscopic findings for diagnosis of LHB pathology. To aid in any study misinterpretations due to inaccurate language translations, only articles originally written in English were evaluated, and only published articles were included. This may have introduced both publication and/or selection bias. A method to eliminate some of these potential biases would be to perform a truly systematic review and meta-analysis combining results from multiple studies; however, even this can be hindered by bias with the lack of currently published methods for meta-analyses evaluating diagnostic testing. Another future direction for this study may be to further evaluate the accuracy of new special tests described to evaluate long head of the biceps pathology, specifically the uppercut test. Currently the uppercut test has only been described and analyzed in a single level I or II study that we utilized for our algorithm24. Further validation testing for this specific test may be warranted. Conclusion Performing the uppercut test and biceps groove tenderness to palpation test together has the highest sensitivity and specificity of known physical examinations maneuvers to aid in the diagnosis of long head of the biceps pathology as compared to diagnostic arthroscopy (The PEC exam). A decision tree analysis aides in the PEC exam diagnostic accuracy post testing based on the ordinal scale pre-test probability. A quick reference guide is provided to use in the clinical setting. References 1. Amoo-Achampong K, Nwachukwu BU, McCormick F. An orthopedists guide to shoulder ultrasound: a systematic review of examination protocols. Phys Sportsmed. 2016 Aug 22;1-10. doi: 10.1080/00913847.2016.1222224 2. Ardic F, Kahraman Y, Kacar M, Kahraman MC, Findikoglu G, Yorgancioglu ZR. Shoulder impingement syndrome: relationships between clinical, functional, and radiologic findings. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2006 Jan 1;85(1):53-60. doi:10.1097/01.phm.0000297449.72296.3d 3. Armstrong A, Teefey SA, Wu T, Clark AM, Middleton WD, Yamaguchi K, et al. The efficacy of ultrasound in the diagnosis of long head of the biceps tendon pathology. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2006 Jan-Feb;15(1):7-11. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2005.04.008 4. Arrigoni P, Ragone V, DAmbrosi RI, Denard P,Randelli F, Banfi G, et al. Improving the accuracy of the preoperative diagnosis of long head of the biceps pathology: the biceps resisted flexion test. Joints. 2014 Jul 8;2(2):54-8. doi:10.11138/jts/2014.2.2.054 5. Bennett WF. Specificity of the Speeds test: arthroscopic technique for evaluating the biceps tendon at the level of the bicipital groove. Arthroscopy. 1998 Nov-Dec;14(8):789-96. No doi 6. Churgay CA. Diagnosis and treatment of biceps tendinitis and tendinosis. Am Fam Physician. 2009 Sep 1;80(5):470-6. 7. Chu K. An introduction to sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and likelihood ratios. Emergency Medicine Australasia. 1999 Sep 8;11(3):175-81. doi:10.1046/j.1442-2026.1999.00041.x 8. Chen HS, Lin SH, Hsu YH, Chen SC, Kang JH. A comparison of physical examinations with musculoskeletal ultrasound in the diagnosis of biceps long head tendinitis. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2011 Sep 30;37(9):1392-8. doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2011.05.842 9. Cohen SB, Valko C, Zoga A, Dodson CC, Ciccotti MG. Posteromedial elbow impingement: magnetic resonance imaging findings in overhead throwing athletes and results of arthroscopic treatment. Arthroscopy. 2011 Oct 31;27(10):1364-70. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2011.06.012 10. Dinnes J, Loveman E, McIntyre L, Waugh N. The effectiveness of diagnostic tests for the assessment of shoulder pain due to soft tissue disorders: a systematic review. Health Technol Assess. 2003;7(29):iii, 1-166. doi:10.3310/hta7290 11. Dubrow SA, Streit JJ, Shishani Y, Robbin MR, Gobezie R. Diagnostic accuracy in detecting tears in the proximal biceps tendon using standard nonenhancing shoulder MRI. Open Access J Sports Med. 2014 Apr 28;5:81-7. doi:10.2147/OAJSM.S58225 12. Eusebi P. Diagnostic accuracy measures. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013 Oct 16;36(4):267-72. doi:10.1159/000353863 13. Finnoff JT, Berkoff D, Brennan F, DiFiori J, Hall MM, Harmon K, et al.. American Medical Society for Sports Medicine recommended sports ultrasound curriculum for sports medicine fellowships. Br J Sports Med. 2015 Feb;49(3):145-50. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-094220 14. Freeman R, Khanna S, Ricketts D. Inappropriate requests for magnetic resonance scans of the shoulder. Int Orthop. 2013 Nov;37(11):2181-4. doi:10.1007/s00264-013-1968-4 15. Gazzillo GP, Finnoff JT, Hall MM, Sayeed YA, Smith J. Accuracy of palpating the long head of the biceps tendon: an ultrasonographic study. PM R. 2011 Nov;3(11):1035-40. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.02.022 16. Gill HS, El Rassi G, Bahk MS, Castillo RC, McFarland EG. Physical examination for partial tears of the biceps tendon. Am J Sports Med. 2007 Aug;35(8):1334-40. doi:10.1177/0363546507300058 17. Gilmer BB, DeMers AM, Guerrero D, Reid JB, Lubowitz JH, Guttmann D. Arthroscopic versus open comparison of long head of biceps tendon visualization and pathology in patients requiring tenodesis. Arthroscopy. 2015 Jan;31(1):29-34. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2014.07.025 18. Hanchard NC, Lenza M, Handoll HH, Takwoingi Y. Physical tests for shoulder impingements and local lesions of bursa, tendon or labrum that may accompany impingement. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Apr 30;(4):CD007427. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007427.pub2 19. Hashiuchi T, Sakurai G, Morimoto M, Komei T, Takakura Y, Tanaka Y. Accuracy of the biceps tendon sheath injection: ultrasound-guided or unguided injection? A randomized controlled trial. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2011 Oct;20(7):1069-73. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2011.04.004 20. Hegedus EJ. Physical Examination of the Shoulder and Elbow with a Focus on Orthopedic Special Tests. In: Park JY, editor. Sports Injuries to the Shoulder and Elbow. Heidelberg: Springer. 2015. p. 35-44. (ISBN No. 978-3-642-41794-8. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-41795-5 21. Hegedus EJ, Cook C, Lewis J, Wright A, Park JY. Combining orthopedic special tests to improve diagnosis of shoulder pathology. Phys Ther Sport. 2015 May;16(2):87-92. doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2017.08.001 22. Hegedus EJ, Goode AP, Cook CE, Michener L, Myer CA, Myer DM, et al.. Which physical examination tests provide clinicians with the most value when examining the shoulder? Update of a systematic review with meta-analysis of individual tests. Br J Sports Med. 2012 Nov;46(14):964-78. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091066 23. Jordan RW, Saithna A. Physical examination tests and imaging studies based on arthroscopic assessment of the long head of biceps tendon are invalid. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015 Nov 26 [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.1007/s00167-015-3862-7 24. Kibler BW, Sciascia AD, Hester P, Dome D, Jacobs C. Clinical utility of traditional and new tests in the diagnosis of biceps tendon injuries and superior labrum anterior and posterior lesions in the shoulder. Am J Sports Med. 2009 Sep;37(9):1840-7. doi:10.1177/0363546509332505 25. Health Care Spending and the Medicare Program. Medicare Payment Advisory Commission. Washington DC: 2011. p.1-207. 26. Momenzadeh OR, Gerami MH, Sefidbakht S, Dehghani S. Assessment of correlation between MRI and arthroscopic pathologic findings in the shoulder joint. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2015 Oct;3(4):286-90. 27. Murphy RJ, Daines MT, Carr AJ, Rees JL. An independent learning method for orthopaedic surgeons performing shoulder ultrasound to identify full-thickness tears of the rotator cuff. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013 Feb 6;95(3):266-72. doi:10.2106/JBJS.K.00706 28. Naredo E, Aguado P, De Miguel E, Uson J, Mayordomo L, Gijon-Banos J, et al. Painful shoulder: comparison of physical examination and ultrasonographic findings. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002 Feb;61(2):132-6. doi:10.1136/ard.61.2.132 29. ÃÆ'-stà ¶r AJ, Richards CA, Tytherleigh-Strong G, Bearcroft PW, Prevost AT, Speed CA, et al. Validation of clinical examination versus magnetic resonance imaging and arthroscopy for the detection of rotator cuff lesions. Clin Rheumatol. 2013 Sep;32(9):1283-91. doi:10.1007/s10067-013-2260-0 30. Razmjou H, Fournier-Gosselin S, Christakis M, Pennings A, ElMaraghy A, Holtby R. Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging in detecting biceps pathology in patients with rotator cuff disorders: comparison with arthroscopy. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2016 Jan;25(1):38-44. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2015.06.020 31. Read JW, Perko M. Shoulder ultrasound: diagnostic accuracy for impingement syndrome, rotator cuff tear, and biceps tendon pathology. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1998 May-Jun;7(3):264-71. doi:10.1016/S1058-2746(98)90055-6 32. Roy JS, Braà «n C, Leblond J, Desmeules F, Dionne CE, MacDermid JC, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography, MRI and MR arthrography in the characterisation of rotator cuff disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2015 Oct;49(20):1316-28. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-094148 33. Sandrey MA. Special physical examination tests for superior labrum anterior-posterior shoulder tears: an examination of clinical usefulness. J Athl Train. 2013 Nov-Dec;48(6):856-8. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-48.3.14 34. Sciascia AD, Spigelman T, Kibler WB, Uhl TL. Frequency of use of clinical shoulder examination tests by experienced shoulder surgeons. J Athl Train. 2012 Jul-Aug;47(4):457-66. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-47.4.09 35. Seagger R, Bunker T, Hamer P. Surgeon-operated ultrasonography in a one-stop shoulder clinic. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2011 Oct;93(7):528-31. doi:10.1308/147870811X13137608454939 36. Skendzel JG, Jacobson JA, Carpenter JE, Miller BS. Long head of biceps brachii tendon evaluation: accuracy of preoperative ultrasound. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011 Oct;197(4):942-8. doi:10.2214/AJR.10.5012 37. Taylor SA, Khair MM, Gulotta LV, Pearle AD, Baret NJ, Newman AM, et al. Diagnostic glenohumeral arthroscopy fails to fully evaluate the biceps-labral complex. Arthroscopy. 2015 Feb;31(2):215-24. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2014.10.017 38. Voigt JD, Mosier M, Huber B. In-office diagnostic arthroscopy for knee and shoulder intra-articular injuries its potential impact on cost savings in the United States. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014 May 5;14:203. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-14-203 39. Zhang AL, Kreulen C, Ngo SS, Hame SL, Wang JC, Gamradt SC. Demographic trends in arthroscopic SLAP repair in the United States. Am J Sports Med. 2012 May;40(5):1144-7. doi:10.1177/0363546512436944 Figure and Table Legends Figure 1: PRISMA Systemic Review Flow Diagram: This figure displays the process and rationale behind why studies were omitted from the systemic review. Figure 2: (A) Diagnostic Combination to Rule in Pathology: These findings demonstrate that the combination of tests that best help rule out pathology are the TTP + Uppercut test when performed in series. If both tests are negative in a scenario with a low pre-test probability (i.e. prevalence), then there is a very small chance of pathology being present. TTP = Tenderness to palpation (of the long head of the biceps within the bicipital groove); Diamond = TTP + Uppercut in series, square = TTP + Speeds in Series, triangle = TTP + Yergasons in Series (B) Diagnostic Combination to Rule Out Pathology: These findings demonstrate that the combination of TTP + upper

Adult Assumptions On Teenagers :: essays research papers

Adults Assumptions On Tennagers Everyone knows that throughout life, assumptions and stereotypes are made. Whether they concern age, gender, race, class and so on, it does not matter. Stereotypes are always made in some form or another, some can be referring to positive aspects, while others can be bad. Whether good or bad, stereotypes should not be made, if a person has not met someone, they shouldn’t presume to know them or their ‘type’. No two people are identical and so they should not be treated as though they are. Many people have similar interests and characteristics, but not identical. A common group that receives a lot of stereotyping is the youth of today. Not everyone, but a lot of people follow the assumption that the youth of today’s society are nothing but bludgers. Youth usually have plenty of negative assumptions placed upon them such as being known as ‘Know alls’, ‘Trouble makers’, ‘Druggies’ and irresponsible. This names just a few of the negative assumptions that youth have placed upon them nearly, if not, everyday. There are also some positive assumptions made in regard to the youth of today, these are statements like they (the youth) are beginning to understand the importance of education in order to have a chance at a secure future. Youth are very out going and don’t have a concern for tomorrow as they prefer to live for today. Youth have a creative imagination, not just towards art and work, but towards life in general and are willing to learn new skills in order to forward their knowledge, and are being thought of as the future generation. I believe that all of these as sumptions have an element of truth, but in the way of being stereotypes. To certain individuals, these assumptions may be true, but not every youth is a trouble maker or a drug addict and so on. As I said before, everyone is an individual and so should be treated as one, and not just as ‘one of them’. The reason I think this is because I know that I wouldn’t like it if someone treated me the same as other people who are nothing like me. I know that I’m not a ‘Druggie’ or a ‘Know all’ and so I do not want to be treated the way people treat these sort of youths. I know that this is sounding as though I am stereotyping but I am not, I am saying that people do put these groups under headings such as ‘Druggies’ and they then treat them different.

Federal Civil Procedure

I. Personal Jurisdiction – in what state can the P sue the D? a. Two step-analysis i. Satisfy a statute AND ii. Satisfy the constitution (due process) b. In Personam Jurisdiction – jurisdiction over person, not property, b/c of some contact b/t D and forum state i. Statutory Analysis 1. Every state has statutes allowing jurisdiction based on domicile, presence instate when served w/ process, and consent (implied or actual). 2. Long-arm statute ( allows jurisdiction over non-residents ii. Constitutional Analysis (International Shoe) 1. Test ( Does D have â€Å"such minimum contacts w/ the forum so that exercise of jurisdiction does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice† 2. Factors a. Contact – some tie b/t D and forum i. Purposeful Availment – D’s voluntary act 1. i. e. D ships goods into forum state or D uses roads or causes effects in forum state ii. Foreseeability – D would get sued in this forum b. Fairness i. Relatedness – b/t contact and the claim 1. not always necessary to have relatedness if have substantial ties w/ the forum a. i. e. D domiciled there, business there, served w/ process there can be sued in that state under general jurisdiction ii. Convenience – forum ok unless puts D at a severe disadvantage in the litigation iii. State’s interest – provide forum for its citizens TIP: My parents frequently forgot to read childrens’ stories M – minimum contacts P – purposeful availment F – foreseeability F – fairness R – relatedness C – convenience S – state’s interest II. Subject Matter Jurisdiction – in what court? Federal courts only hear two types of cases: diversity of citizenship and federal question a. Diversity of Citizenship Cases i. Citizens of different states 1. Complete diversity rule ( no diversity if ANY P is a citizen of the same state as any D, at the time the case is filed 2. Citizenship a. Human – can only have one place of citizenship i. Domicile – 1. presence instate AND 2. subjective intent to make permanent home b. Corporation – can have more than one place of citizenship i. State where incorporated AND ii. One state principal place of business 1. Only one PPB a. Headquarters OR i. Most use this to designate unless all activity is in one state b. Most production or service activity c. Un-incorporated associations i. Use citizenship of ALL ITS MEMBERS d. Decedents, minors, incompetents i. Look to their citizenship NOT the representative’s citizenship ii. Amount in controversy – good faith allegation the claim in the complaint exceeds $75,000. 00, exclusive of interest and costs 1. Aggregation – adding together two or more claims to meet amount in controversy requirement a. Need one P and one D b. Joint tortfeasors – use total value of claim, irrelevant of the # of parties 2. Equitable Relief – if either test met, then it’s OK a. P’s viewpoint: does injunction cover loss of value by more than $75k? OR b. D’s viewpoint: would it cost D more than $75k to comply w/ the injunction b. Federal Question – claim â€Å"arises under† federal law c. Supplemental Jurisdiction – no federal jurisdiction b/c no diversity or FQ, BUT may still be able to get into federal court i. Test 1. common nucleus of operative fact – arise out of same transaction or occurrence as underlying claim ii. Limitation 1. can not use to overcome lack of diversity in a diversity of citizenship case BUT 2. Can use to overcome lack of diversity in a FQ case 3. Can use to overcome amount in controversy in diversity cases d. Removal – allows D’s to have case filed in state court â€Å"removed† to federal court i. What cases? – if case could be heard in federal court ii. Where? – ONLY to the federal district court embracing the state court iii. When? – no later than 30 days after service of the first removable document e. Erie Doctrine III. Venue IV. Service of Process V. Pleadings VI. Joinder of Parties VII. Discovery VIII. Pretrial Adjudication IX. Conferences and Meetings X. Trial, Judgment and Post-trial Motions XI. Appeal XII. Claim and Issue Preclusion

The Slope of a Horizontal Line is Zero

The Slope of a Horizontal Line is Zero In The Slope of a Line, you learned that the slope, or m, of a line describes how rapidly or slowly change is occurring. Linear Functions have 4 types of slopes: positive, negative slope, zero slope, and undefined slope. Real World Example of Negative Slope Refer to the graph, Horizontal Line, m 0.   The x-axis represents time, in hours, and the y-axis represents distance, in miles, from Downtown Houston, Texas. Hurricane Prince, a Category 5 storm, threatens to flood (among other things) the Bayou City in 24 hours. You have the bright idea- along with 2 million other Houstonians- to leave Houston now. You’re on Interstate 45 North, the road that snakes northward to flee anything blowing in from the Gulf of Mexico. Notice how time is moving. One hour passes, two hours pass, but you’re still one mile away from downtown. Remember, slope is a rate of change. For every two hours that pass, you move zero miles. Because of this, your slope is 0. Calculating Zero Slope Refer to the PDF, Calculate_Zero_Slope to learn how to  use a graph and  the slope formula to  calculate a zero slope.  To download free software to view the PDF, visit https://get.adobe.com/reader/.

ROLE OF ELECTION COMMISSION IN ENSURING FREE AND FAIR ELECTION AND DET

ROLE OF ELECTION COMMISSION IN ENSURING FREE AND FAIR ELECTION AND DET Research Dissertation On ROLE OF ELECTION COMMISSION IN ENSURING FREE AND FAIR ELECTION AND DETERRENCE OF DISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF CASTE AND RELIGION Submitted to: Amity Institute of Advanced Legal Studies (AIALS), Amity University Uttar Pradesh IN PART FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF LAWS (LLM) Submitted by: 2014-2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents Page No. 1. Chapter-1 Introduction Outline of role of election commission in ensuring free and fair election Theory of State Theory of Democracy Government and Politics in India 2. Chapter-2 Framework of Election Commission of India Electoral system Constitutional status of ECI Reservation in legislative bodies 3. Chapter-3 Legislative Framework Relating to Election Election Process Representation of People Act(Amendment and validation) Bill, 2013 President and Vice-President Act 4. Chapter-4 Election Disputes and Issues Free and Fair Elections Registration of Political Parties MCC- Model Code of Conduct Election Expenditure Election Offences: Penal Laws Anti-Defection Laws Election Petition 5. Chapter-5 Political and Religious Influence on Elections- An Analytical Overview Vote Bank Politics Religious impact on Election Discrimination on the basis of caste its aftermaths 6. Chapter-6 Conclusion and Suggestions Table of cases Bibliography. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 OUTLINE OF ROLE OF ELECTION COMMISSION IN ENSURING FREE AND FAIR ELECTION The Election Commission of India is an independent and self-governing body, established under federal authority. It is responsible for administering all the electoral processes in India. Under the supervision of the commission, free and fair elections have been held in India at regular intervals as per the principles enshrined in the Constitution. The Election Commission has the power of superintendence, direction and control of all elections to the Parliament of India and the State Legislatures and of elections to the office of the President of India and the Vice-President of India. Elections are conducted according to the constitutional provisions and other laws made to that effect by the Parliament. The major laws in this regard are Representation of the People Act, 1950, which mainly deals with the preparation and revision of electoral rolls; the Representation of the People Act, 1951 which deals with all aspects of conduct of election disputes in detail. These disputes include the post-election disputes. The Supreme Court of India has held that where the enacted laws are silent or make insufficient provisions to deal with a given situation in the conduct of elections, the Election Commission has the residuary powers under the Constitution to act in an appropriate manner. One of the most important features of the democratic polity is elections at regular intervals. Holding intervallic free and fair elections are essentials of democratic system. It is a part of the basic structure of the Constitution. The Election Commission is regarded as the guardian of free and fair elections. In every election, it issues a Model code of Conduct for political parties and candidates to conduct elections in a free and fair manner. The Commission issued the code for the first time in 1971 and revised it from time to time. It laid down guidelines for conduct of political parties and manner of candidature during elections. However, there occur instances of violation of code by the political parties and misuse of official machinery by the candidates. The need for such code is in the interest of free and fair elections. However, the code does not have any specific statutory basis. It has only a persuasive effect. It only contains rules of electoral morality". But this lack of statutory backing does not prevent the Commission from enforcing it. A law regarding the registration process for political parties was enacted in 1989 and many parties got registered with the Commission. It was effective in avoiding the confusion of the administrative machinery and the electorate and ensuring that political parties are brought under the purview of the Election Commission. Also, in order to get rid of the growing corrupt influence of money during elections, the Election Commission has made many suggestions in this regard. The Election Commission has fixed the legal limits on the amount of money which a candidate can spend during election campaigns. These limits have been revised from time to time. The other measures have also been taken by the Election Commission in order to ensure free and fair elections. Modern methods such as introduction of EVMs- Electronic Voting Machines, supervision of electoral candidature, etc. are some of the basic steps taken by the Commission so as to develop the process of election on

Answer the three question separately Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer the three question separately - Assignment Example The people have the ultimate voice in choosing the source of government authority, which drives its right to govern from their consent. The people have their freedom of speech with the government and know their rights. The most important key that the opposition plays is also to push the government to set a balance wage, to all employees within the country. To ensure that the society is democratic, the primary values of constitutional democracy have to mirror human dignity, freedom of individuals, and the worth of every person within the society. To begin with challenging the ideas that the only proper criterion, in which a decision would be judged. Therefore, this right should be complete to life aspects such as employment rights, social rights, health care, the economy, and education. Every, individual including children, young people, and both women and men of older age have their rights. Additionally, democracy creates a further income of sources within the counties to ensure that every resource is protected. This may include cash crops, or any resources that may bring funds in the society, whether in rural or urban areas. However, the most important component of constitutional democracy is its highest purpose in securing freedom, which has the highest value in healthy functioning of a country. This is necessary since every individ ual working late hour while running a business or any companies that operate in the night requires the freedom to operate. Democracy gives good protection of people’s properties to the security of the government. However, constitution laws do not rely on one side of politics or any other political parties. The Constitution allows judges to rule according to the constitution rights of the human. Hence, if the court fails to rule on their complaints with constitutional rights, they would be able to protest

Health information system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Health information system - Essay Example Furthermore, distribution and access to to healthcare is determined by income and standards of living. These features form a social pattern in health that tends to shape health dynamics with respect to certain social requirements. It is important to note with complete patient data, avoidable hospital visits are reduced. Some hospitals use other forms of communication such as email and telephone to reach and support patients from home by checking their health records. For instance, physicians use EHR to determine a patients' health concern. An integrated and comprehensive health record transfers the trend of health care to an efficient approach while maintaining the quality of health care. This results in minimal wastage on financial implications to the hospital, patient and government. Importance of aligned financial incentives. Health outcomes for the population are seen as being influenced by the operation of the capitalist economic system at two levels. Within the capitalist socie ties, health matters have progressed with refined technology in drug production. Poor societies are more likely to fall ill compared to richer societies. Poor disease prevention measures, minimal awareness initiatives by stakeholders, poorly funded research and costly treatment procedures are likely to affect access to health by poor clusters of people. These are some of results of inadequate health data (Gruber, Cummings, LeBlanc, & Smith, 2009). For instance, patients in the least developed areas have been subjected to low quality medication and clinical care. As a result, many people die out of preventable diseases due to early detection or lack of treatment fees. With health records on such scenarios, it would be easy for health providers make adequate arrangements for such people. Meadows Ginny (2002) asserts that, â€Å"Utilizing clinical information systems, an informatics nurse can help other nurses explore and understand the informational and cognitive foundations of their profession. The ability to electronically record, integrate, and analyze data and information enables nurses to quickly move to the synthesis of nursing knowledge and the development of nursing wisdom, which they can then apply to affect patient care.† (Meadows, 2002). It is important to note that the rich controls the health organizations, health research institutions and drug distribution, thus making it difficult for the poor people to make any significant decision or policy on health matters. This has been achieved in some areas through creating enforcement departments within institutions to monitor progress and recommend necessary changes. EHS is important in generating information on how to tackle socioeconomic differences in health care and health policies in any nation are important for equal access to health facilities (Kaufman, Roberts, Merrill, Lai, & Bakken, 2006). This should address areas such as health information technology to shape a coordinated and focused n ational policy in support of patient care. A socially supportive atmosphere prompts the adoption of healthy behaviors. This can be realized when all people have equal and unlimited access to health facilities irrespective of class. Electronic health record (EHS) helps in adopting a patient-centerdness approach that involves shared decisions, outcome

Organizational Culture and Readiness Assessment for Evidence-base Research Paper

Organizational Culture and Readiness Assessment for Evidence-base Practice - Research Paper Example Interestingly the scored rated from mid-range to high. Such scores are important in implementations aimed at integrating clinical inquiry into initiatives aimed at achieving organizational efficiency. It is important to mention that clinical inquiry requires sequential and sophisticated approach and hence the findings of the study are critical to successful implementation. Physician commitments to EBP score and the extent to which a critical mass of nurses with strong EPB and skills scored were relatively high. This does not fall short of expectations given that physicians receive more specialized training and the same can be said about nurses with strong EBP and skills. On the other hand, administration commitment to EBP, although indirectly impacts on EBP and hence, organizational culture and efficiency is crucial to successful implementation (White, 2010). The score recorded is relatively high although not maximal. This can be attributed to training as well as adequate commitment towards implementation of the same. Similarly, nursing staff commitment to EBP and the extent to which staff nurses staff nurses bear proficiency in computer skills scored relatively low at 3. This can mainly be linked to nurse’s attitude towards implementation of the same as well as their disinterest in gaining computer skills (Wright, Brown, & Slowman, 1996). Training therefore tops list of approaches that can help in incorporation of clinical inquiry into day to day operations. Additionally, day to day conferences can help keep the staff at par with changes in medical